Starstreak

Starstreak
Starstreak LML emplacement used in training on Dartmoor, England; one of the three missiles has been fired
Type	Man-portable/vehicle mounted surface-to-air missile
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1997–present
Used by	See § Operators
Production history
Designed	1980s
Manufacturer	Thales Air Defence
Produced	November 1986
No. built	7,000
Variants	See § Variants
Specifications (Starstreak High Velocity Missile)
Mass	14.00 kg (30.86 lb)[1]
Length	1.397 m (4 ft 7 in)
Diameter	13 cm (5.1 in)
Crew	1
Effective firing range	Starstreak 0.3–7 km (0.19–4.35 mi), Starstreak II 7+ km (4.35+ mi)[2][3]
Warhead	Three explosive sub-munitions ("darts")
Warhead weight	3 × 0.90 kg (2.0 lb) tungsten alloy darts, 450 g (16 oz) PBX-98 per dart
Detonation mechanism	Impact delay
Engine	First stage: Royal Ordnance 'Brambling' cast double-based propellant blip rocket motor. Second stage: Royal Ordnance 'Titus' cast double-based propellant
Maximum speed	More than Mach 3 at second stage burnout
Guidance system	SACLOS

Starstreak is a British short-range man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS) manufactured by Thales Air Defence (formerly Shorts Missile Systems), in Belfast. It is also known as Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile). After launch, the missile accelerates to more than Mach 3,^[3] making it the fastest short-range surface-to-air missile.^[4] It then launches three laser beam-riding submunitions, increasing the likelihood of a successful hit on the target. Starstreak has been in service with the British Army since 1997. In 2012, Thales rebranded the system under the ForceSHIELD banner.^[4]

Development

Starstreak missile on display at the Africa Aerospace and Defence Expo, September 2006

A British Royal Artillery soldier protects an airfield with a Starstreak HVM system

Development on the missile began in the early 1980s after an evaluation of missile and gun options to increase air defence capabilities showed that a high-velocity missile system would best meet the needs and could also replace existing shoulder-launched missiles. A General Staff Requirement (GSR 3979)^[5] was drawn up with the requirements of the system, specifying the requirement of three launch platforms for the missile:

• A self-propelled launcher.^[5]
• A three-round lightweight launcher.^[5]
• A man-portable launcher.^[5]

In 1984, the British Ministry of Defence awarded development contracts to British Aerospace (BAe) and Shorts Missile Systems; the BAe missile was known as Thunderbolt HVM. Shorts won the competition and were awarded £356 million. Further development and a production contract materialized in November 1986, and the missile was officially accepted into service in September 1997. The missile was intended to replace the Javelin surface-to-air missile in British service.^[5] The LML and shoulder-launched versions have been in use since 2000.^[5]

In July 2001, Thales received a contract for a successor identification friend or foe system for Starstreak.^[5]

In mid-2007, Thales UK in Northern Ireland revealed that it had developed Starstreak II, a much improved successor to the Starstreak missile. Some of the advantages included in this new missile are an improved range of 7 km (4.3 mi), improved lethality,^[2][3] an improved targeting system and the ability to operate it at much higher altitudes,^[6] up to 5 km (16,000 ft).^[7]

In 2011, when it won a contract for the Lightweight Multirole Missile (LMM), Thales announced it had agreed with the Ministry of Defence to "re-role previously contracted budgets to facilitate the full-scale development, series production and introduction of the LMM." The contract affected is speculated to have been Starstreak.^[8]

Description

A Starstreak, just after being launched from an AN/TWQ-1 Avenger mobile, short-range air-defence platform

When used in the light or MANPADS role the Starstreak missile is transported in a sealed launch tube. This tube is attached to an aiming unit for firing. The operator tracks the target using the aiming unit's optically stabilized sight. The process of tracking the target allows the aiming unit to compute the right trajectory to bring the missile together with the target. The operator can indicate wind direction to the unit and, in the case of a long-range target, provide superelevation.^{[clarification needed]} When the initial tracking is complete, the operator fires the missile by pressing a button.^[5]

The missile then fires the first-stage rocket motor, which launches the missile from the tube – but burns out before leaving the tube to protect the operator. Four metres (thirteen feet) away from the operator, when the missile is a safe distance away, the second stage fires, which rapidly accelerates the missile to a burn-out velocity of more than Mach 3. As the second stage burns out, three dart sub-munitions are released.

The dart housing is made from a tungsten alloy. The darts are each 396 millimetres (15.6 in) long with a diameter of 22 millimetres (0.87 in) and weigh about 900 grams (32 oz). Around half the weight of each dart, approximately 450 g (16 oz), is its explosive charge, detonated by a delayed-action, impact activated fuze.^[5] Each dart consists of a rotating fore-body with two canard fins attached to a non-rotating rear assembly which has four fins. The rear assembly of each dart also houses the electronics that guide the missile, including a rearwards facing sensor.

The darts do not home in on laser energy reflected from the target but instead, the aiming unit projects two laser beams which paint a two-dimensional matrix upon the target. The lasers are modulated and by examining these modulations the sub-munition's sensor can determine the dart's location within the matrix. The dart is then steered to keep it in the centre of the matrix. The sub-munitions steer by briefly decelerating the rotating fore-body with a clutch. The front wings then steer the missile in the appropriate direction. The three sub-munitions fly in a formation about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in radius, and have enough kinetic energy to manoeuvre to meet a target evading at 9 g at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).^[5]

Earlier laser guidance systems used a single beam that had to be kept on the target at all times, the missile homing in on laser energy reflected off the target, if it moved off the target, the reflection would end and guidance would be lost until the target was regained. The problem could be reduced by making the laser's beam wider, but only at the cost of lowering accuracy and reducing the amount of energy being reflected. Starstreak's system allows for the beam area to be much larger than the target while retaining pinpoint accuracy.

On impact with the target, a delayed-action fuze is triggered. This gives time for the projectile to penetrate the target before the explosive warhead detonates. The tungsten housing is designed to fragment and produce maximum damage inside the target.^[5]

A demonstration was conducted in September 1999 that showed the missile being used against an FV432 armoured personnel carrier, showing the missile's effectiveness as a surface-to-surface weapon.^[5] Each sub-munition dart travelling at 4,500 kilometres per hour (2,800 mph) has comparable kinetic energy to a shell from a Bofors 40 mm gun.^{[citation needed]} However, it lacks the armour penetration capabilities of a purpose-built anti-tank guided missile or of a dual purpose missile (such as the Air Defence Anti-Tank System).

Advantages

Starstreak has a number of advantages over infrared homing guided, radar homing guided, and radio command guidance MCLOS/SACLOS (e.g. Blowpipe or Javelin) missiles:

• It cannot be jammed by infrared countermeasures or radar/radio countermeasures.^[9]
• It cannot be suppressed with anti-radar missiles.^[9]

Service history

A Starstreak MANPADS carried by a Royal Marine on exercises in 2021

The missile was brought into service with 12 Regiment Royal Artillery and 47 Regiment Royal Artillery in 1997 as part of the High Velocity Missile (HVM) system equipped with both the Air Defence Acquisition Device (ADAD) and a ×60 thermal sight. Each Regiment was equipped with 108 HVM Self-propelled armoured launchers mounted on the Stormer tracked chassis capable of holding eight missiles ready to fire and a further eight reloads (originally twelve but some capacity was removed during a later modification). This made them the largest armoured regiments in the British Army at the time. The launchers could originally run on batteries for extended periods to minimise their signature but significant upgrades have dramatically increased the system's power requirements. A light role variant known as HVM Lightweight Multi Launch (LML), capable of holding three ready to fire missiles was also brought into service with the Air Defence Troop Royal Marines and a Royal Artillery Air Assault Battery attached to 16 Air Assault Brigade. The systems armoured variant HVM Self Propelled (Stormer) saw service during the Second Gulf War but did not fire. The British Army currently use the A5 fifth-generation missile which has significantly improved from the original missile and the HVM SP and LML variants now carry a mix of both Starstreak A5 and Lightweight Multirole Missiles.

In 2012, the Ministry of Defence announced that it would be placing HVM LML light role detachments equipped with Starstreak A4 missiles on top of several blocks of flats in London in preparation for the 2012 London Olympics. The Ministry claimed that the area was the only suitable location for an air defence detachment of the type. Some residents were upset and uncertain of the necessity of the detachment.^[10][11] In 2013, the British MOD ordered 200 more Starstreak missiles.^[12]

On 16 March 2022, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace announced that the UK would be supplying Ukraine with Starstreak missiles to help prevent Russian air supremacy following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[13] British soldiers are now training Ukrainian forces how to use the system.^[14] HVM (SP)s were also deployed to Poland as an interim measure until the arrival of Sky Sabre.^[15]

Variants

Alvis Stormer (HVM SP) firing Starstreak in 2014

• ATASK (Air To Air Starstreak): Fired from a helicopter. This was developed in combination with McDonnell-Douglas and Lockheed-Martin electronics between 1995 and 1998 specifically for use with the AH-64 Apache. It has yet to enter service.^[5]
• LML: Fired from a Lightweight Multiple Launcher (LML) that holds three missiles ready for firing and can be used as either a stationary launch unit or mounted on a light vehicle such as a Land Rover or HMMWV (Humvee). The LML originated in a proposal under the Army Suggestions Scheme for the Javelin system.^[5]
• Seastreak: Two versions of a naval mounting have been demonstrated—a one-man mount similar to the LML but carrying a total of six missiles, and a close in weapon system mounting holding 24 missiles.
• Self-propelled (SP) HVM: Carried on an Alvis Stormer AFV with a roof-mounted eight-round launcher with internal storage for a further 8 missiles.^[5] This is the most common variant.
• Starstreak Avenger: Built to a U.S. Army requirement in the early 1990s, this system integrated the Starstreak missile on the Boeing Avenger vehicle, replacing 1 pod of Stinger missiles with 1 pod of 4 Starstreak and modifying the fire control system accordingly.
• Starstreak Mark II: Upgrade to the Starstreak.
• THOR/Multi Mission System (MMS): A four-missile turret mounted on a Pinzgauer (6×6) cross-country chassis,^[16] unveiled by Thales UK in 2005.^[17]
• RapidRanger weapon launcher on URO VAMTAC vehicle

Operators

Map with Starstreak operators in blue

 United Kingdom

• HVM SP – Approx 40 systems for a front line establishment of 36 (156 originally purchased)
• HVM LML – Approx 16 systems

 South Africa

• LML – 8 LML launcher systems. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute trade registers list the number of Portable SAMs delivered as 96 with another order for 82^[18]

 Thailand

• Royal Thai Army – Ordered in 2012^[19]

 Indonesia

• Indonesian Army – First order was in November 2011, followed by a second but no deliveries were made and the contract was renegotiated in January 2014 to equip five batteries with Starstreak missiles, ControlMaster200 radars and weapon coordination systems, lightweight multiple launchers on Land Rover Defenders and RapidRanger weapon launchers on URO VAMTAC vehicles, at a cost of over £100m.^[4]

 Malaysia

• Malaysian Armed Forces – Ordered an undisclosed number of LML and vehicle-based variants in July 2015.^[20] In used with the ForceSHIELD defense system.^[21] Will replace the Starburst.^[22][21]

 Ukraine

• Armed Forces of Ukraine – Deliveries announced in March 2022 as part of UK military aid during the Russo-Ukrainian War.^[13]

See also

• Lightweight Multirole Missile – air-to-surface missile based on Starstreak.
• Fireflash, a missile from the 1950s that used a similar configuration of an unpowered, guided munition that receives an initial acceleration from booster rockets
• Similar missiles include: Strela-2, Strela-3, Igla, Stinger, Anza (missile), Blowpipe, Javelin, Mistral, KP-SAM Shingung and RBS 70.

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starstreak missiles.

• Improved Starstreak
• Starstreak short-range surface-to-air missile man portable system(Army recognition)
• Starstreak High Velocity Missile – Armed Forces International
• "Starstreak" (PDF). Thales. Archived from the original on 2006-11-24.
• Starstreak HVM – British Army website
• Starstreak High Velocity Missile – armedforced.co.uk
• Starstreak HVM – Global Security
• THOR/Multi Mission System (video) – howstuffworks.com
• Royal Marines Air Defence Troop, High Velocity Missile live firing