Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark

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Prince Andrew
Laszlo - Prince Andrew of Greece.jpg
Portrait by Philip de László, 1913
Born(1882-02-02)2 February 1882
Athens, Kingdom of Greece
Died3 December 1944(1944-12-03) (aged 62)
Metropole Hotel, Monte Carlo, Monaco
Burial
Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Athens, Greece
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1903)​
Issue
HouseGlücksburg
FatherGeorge I of Greece
MotherOlga Constantinovna of Russia
Military career
AllegianceGreece Kingdom of Greece
Service/branch Hellenic Army
Years of service1901–1909
1912–1917
1920–1922
RankMajor General[1]
Commands heldV Army Corps
II Army Corps
Battles/warsBalkan Wars
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ανδρέας; Danish: Andreas; 2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1882 – 3 December 1944) of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, was the seventh child and fourth son of King George I of Greece and Olga Constantinovna of Russia. He was a grandson of Christian IX of Denmark and father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was from birth a prince of both Denmark and Greece by virtue of his patrilineal descent.

He began military training at an early age, and was commissioned as an officer in the Greek army. His command positions were substantive appointments rather than honorary, and he saw service in the Balkan Wars. In 1913, his father was assassinated and Andrew's elder brother, Constantine, became king. The king's neutrality policy during World War I led to his abdication, and most of the royal family, including Andrew, was exiled. On their return a few years later, Andrew saw service as Major General[1] in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), but the war went badly for Greece, and Andrew was blamed, in part, for the loss of Greek territory. He was exiled for a second time in 1922, and spent most of the rest of his life in France.

By 1930, he was estranged from his wife, Princess Alice of Battenberg. His only son, Prince Philip, served in the British navy during World War II, while all four of his daughters were married to Germans, three of whom had Nazi connections. Separated from his wife and son by the effects of the war, Andrew died in Monte Carlo in 1944. He had seen neither of them since 1939.

Early life

Prince Andrew was born at the Tatoi Palace[2] just north of Athens on 2 February 1882, the fourth son of George I of Greece. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, he was a prince of both Greece and Denmark, as his father was a younger son of Christian IX of Denmark. He was in the line of succession to the Greek and more distantly to the Danish throne.

He learned Greek as well as Danish, German, French, English and Russian.[3] In conversations with his parents he refused to speak anything but Greek.[4] He attended cadet school and staff college at Athens,[5] and was given additional private tuition in military subjects by Panagiotis Danglis,[6] who recorded that he was "quick and intelligent".[2] He "became quite friendly"[2] with fellow student Theodore Pangalos.[7]

Despite his near-sightedness,[8] Andrew joined the army as a cavalry officer in May 1901.[9]

Marriage

In 1902, Prince Andrew met Princess Alice of Battenberg during his stay in London on the occasion of the coronation of King Edward VII, who was his uncle-by-marriage and her grand-uncle. Princess Alice was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, King Edward's niece. They fell in love, and the following year, on 6 October 1903, Andrew married Alice in a civil wedding at Darmstadt.[10] The following day two religious wedding services were performed: one Lutheran in the Evangelical Castle Church, and another Greek Orthodox in the Russian Chapel on the Mathildenhöhe.[11] Prince and Princess Andrew had five children, all of whom later had children of their own.

Early career

Prince Andrew (left), with his older brothers, the Crown Prince Constantine and Prince Nicholas

In 1909, the political situation in Greece led to a coup d'état, as the Athens government refused to support the Cretan parliament, which had called for the union of Crete (still nominally part of the Ottoman Empire) with the Greek mainland. A group of dissatisfied officers formed a Greek nationalist Military League that eventually led to Prince Andrew's resignation from the army and the rise to power of Eleftherios Venizelos.[12]

A few years later, at the outbreak of the Balkan Wars in 1912, Andrew was reinstated in the army as a lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment,[13] and placed in command of a field hospital.[14] During the war, his father was assassinated and Andrew inherited a villa on the island of Corfu, Mon Repos. In 1914, Andrew (like many European princes) held honorary military posts in both the German and Russian empires, as well as Prussian, Russian, Danish and Italian knighthoods.[15]

During World War I, he continued to visit Britain, despite veiled accusations in the British House of Commons that he was a German agent.[16] His brother, King Constantine, who was the Kaiser's brother-in-law, followed a neutrality policy, but the democratically elected government of Venizelos supported the Allies. By June 1917, the King's neutrality policy had become so untenable that he abdicated and the Greek royal family were forced into exile. For the next few years, most of the Greek royal family lived in Switzerland.[17]

Exile from Greece

For three years, Constantine's second son, Alexander, was king of Greece, until his early death from an infection due to a monkey bite.[18] Constantine was restored to the throne, and Andrew was once again reinstated in the army, this time as a major-general.[19] The family took up residence at Mon Repos.

Andrew was given command of the II Army Corps during the Battle of the Sakarya, which effectively stalemated the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). Andrew had little respect for his superior officers, whom he considered incompetent.[20] He was ordered to attack the Turkish positions, which he considered a desperate move little short "of ill-concealed panic".[21] Refusing to put his men in undue danger (suffering lack of food and ammunition),[22] Andrew followed his own battle plan, much to the dismay of the commanding general, Anastasios Papoulas.[23] Relieved of his chief of staff, and given a dressing-down by Papoulas, in September Andrew asked to be removed from command but Papoulas refused. Andrew's troops were forced to retreat. He was placed on leave for two months, until he was transferred to the Supreme Army Council. In March 1922, he was appointed as commander of the V Army Corps in Epirus and the Ionian Islands. Papoulas was replaced by General Georgios Hatzianestis.[24]

Prince Andrew (1st from the right) on trial in 1922

The Greek defeat in Asia Minor in August 1922 led to the 11 September 1922 Revolution, during which Prince Andrew was arrested, court-martialed, and found guilty of "disobeying an order" and "acting on his own initiative" during the battle of the previous year. Many defendants in the treason trials that followed the coup were shot, including Hatzianestis and five senior politicians.[25] British diplomats assumed that Andrew was also in mortal danger. Andrew, though spared, was banished for life and his family fled into exile aboard a British cruiser, HMS Calypso.[26] The family settled at Saint-Cloud on the outskirts of Paris, in a small house loaned to them by Andrew's wealthy sister-in-law, Princess George of Greece.[27] He and his family were stripped of their Greek nationality, and traveled under Danish passports.[28]

In 1930, Andrew published a book entitled Towards Disaster: The Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921, in which he defended his actions during the Battle of the Sakarya, but he essentially lived a life of enforced retirement, despite only being in his forties.[29] During their time in exile the family became more and more dispersed. Alice suffered a nervous breakdown and was institutionalized in Switzerland. Their daughters married and settled in Germany, separated from Andrew, and Philip was sent to school in Britain, where he was brought up by his mother's British relatives. Andrew went to live in the South of France.[30]

On the French Riviera, Andrew lived in a small apartment, or hotel rooms, or on board a yacht with Countess Andrée de La Bigne.[31] His marriage to Alice was effectively over, and after her recovery and release, she returned to Greece. In 1936, his sentence of exile was quashed by emergency laws, which also restored land and annuities to the King.[32] Andrew returned to Greece for a brief visit that May.[33] The following year, his pregnant daughter Cécile, his son-in-law and two of his grandchildren were killed in an air accident at Ostend; he met Alice for the first time in six years at the funeral, which was also attended by Andrew's sixteen-year-old son Prince Philip.[34]

During World War II, he found himself essentially trapped in Vichy France, while his son, Prince Philip, fought on the side of the British. They were unable to see or even correspond with one another. Andrew's three surviving sons-in-law fought on the German side: Prince Christoph of Hesse was a member of the Nazi Party and the Waffen-SS; Berthold, Margrave of Baden, was invalided out of the Wehrmacht in 1940 after an injury in France;[35] Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg served on the Eastern Front and was dismissed after the 20 July plot. For five years, Andrew saw neither his wife nor his son.

Death and burial

He died in the Hotel Metropole, Monte Carlo, Monaco, of heart failure and arteriosclerosis in the closing months of the war in Europe.[4] Andrew was at first buried in the Russian Orthodox church in Nice, but in 1946 his remains were transferred, by the Greek cruiser Averof, to the royal cemetery at Tatoi Palace, near Athens.[36] Prince Philip and then-private secretary, Mike Parker, traveled to Monte Carlo to collect items belonging to his father from Andrée de La Bigne; among these items: a signet ring which the Prince wore from then onwards, an ivory shaving brush he took to using, and some clothes he had adapted to fit him.[2] Prince Andrew left to his only son seven-tenths of his estate, but he also left behind a debt of £17,500, leading Philip's maternal grandmother, Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven, to complain bitterly of the extravagance the Greek prince had been led into by his French mistress.[2]

Honours

Issue

Name Birth Death Marriage Their children
Date Spouse
Princess Margarita 18 April 1905 24 April 1981 (aged 76) 20 April 1931 Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
  • Kraft, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
  • Princess Beatrix of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
  • Prince Georg of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
  • Prince Rupprecht of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
  • Prince Albrecht of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Princess Theodora 30 May 1906 16 October 1969 (aged 63) 17 August 1931 Berthold, Margrave of Baden
Princess Cecilie 22 June 1911 16 November 1937 (aged 26) 2 February 1931 Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse
  • Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine
  • Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine
  • Princess Johanna of Hesse and by Rhine
Princess Sophie 26 June 1914 24 November 2001 (aged 87) 15 December 1930 Prince Christoph of Hesse
23 April 1946 Prince George William of Hanover
  • Prince Welf Ernst of Hanover
  • Prince Georg of Hanover
  • Princess Friederike of Hanover
Prince Philip 10 June 1921 9 April 2021 (aged 99) 20 November 1947 Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ^ a b Kalaitzis, Georgios, Infantry Colonel (1965). The Minor Asia Campaign, Angora Operation, volume 5, part one. Athens: Army History Directorate, Greek Army General Staff. p. 152.
  2. ^ a b c d e Eade, Philip (2011). Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II (Kindle ed.). New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805095449.
  3. ^ Brandreth, p. 49
  4. ^ a b Vickers, p. 309
  5. ^ The Times (London), Monday 4 December 1922, p. 17
  6. ^ Heald, p. 18
  7. ^ Memoirs of Prince Christopher of Greece (First ed.). Hurst & Blackett. 1938.
  8. ^ Brandreth, p. 48
  9. ^ Heald, pp. 18–19
  10. ^ Brandreth, p. 49 and Vickers, p. 52
  11. ^ The Times (London), Thursday 8 October 1903, p. 3
  12. ^ Clogg, pp. 97–99
  13. ^ Brandreth, p. 52
  14. ^ The Times (London), Wednesday 19 March 1913, p. 6
  15. ^ Marquis of Ruvigny, The Titled Nobility of Europe (Harrison and Sons, London, 1914) p. 71
  16. ^ The Times (London), Friday 23 November 1917, p. 10
  17. ^ Brandreth, p. 55 and Van der Kiste, pp. 96 ff.
  18. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 122–124
  19. ^ Brandreth, p. 56; Heald, p. 25
  20. ^ Heald, p. 26
  21. ^ Quoted in Brandreth, p. 59 and Heald, p. 27
  22. ^ Greek Army General Staff, History Directorate, volume five, Athens, 1965, page 37
  23. ^ Brandreth, p. 59; Heald, p. 27
  24. ^ Brandreth, pp. 59–60; Heald, pp. 27–28
  25. ^ The Times (London), Friday 1 December 1922, p. 12
  26. ^ The Times (London), Tuesday 5 December 1922, p. 12
  27. ^ Brandreth, p. 63 and Vickers, pp. 176–178
  28. ^ Alexandra, pp. 35–36 and Van der Kiste, p. 144
  29. ^ Brandreth, p. 64
  30. ^ Brandreth, p. 67
  31. ^ Brandreth, p. 69 and Vickers, p. 309
  32. ^ The Times (London), Monday 27 January 1936, p. 9
  33. ^ The Times (London), Wednesday 20 May 1936, p. 15
  34. ^ Vickers, p. 273
  35. ^ Vickers, pp. 293–295
  36. ^ Brandreth, p. 177; Heald, p. 76
  37. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1943) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1943 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1943] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 82. Retrieved 16 September 2019 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  38. ^ a b Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1922) p. 42
  39. ^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 57.
  40. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1910. p. 160. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  41. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 425

References

Further reading

  • Andreas, Prince of Greece; Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece (1930). Towards Disaster: The Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921 London: John Murray OCLC 4046798

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