Giorgia Meloni

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Giorgia Meloni
Giorgia Meloni 2022.jpg
Meloni in 2022
President of Brothers of Italy
Assumed office
8 March 2014
Preceded byIgnazio La Russa
President of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party
Assumed office
29 September 2020
Preceded byJan Zahradil
Minister of Youth
In office
8 May 2008 – 16 November 2011
Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi
Preceded byGiovanna Melandri
Succeeded byAndrea Riccardi
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
Assumed office
28 April 2006
Constituency
Personal details
Born (1977-01-15) 15 January 1977 (age 45)
Rome, Italy
Political partyFdI (since 2012)
Other political
affiliations
  • MSI (1992–1995)
  • AN (1995–2009)
  • PdL (2009–2012)
Domestic partnerAndrea Giambruno
Children1
Websitegiorgiameloni.com

Giorgia Meloni (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒordʒa meˈloːni]; born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician and journalist. A member of the Chamber of Deputies in Italy since 2006, she has led the Brothers of Italy (FdI) radical-right political party since 2014, and has been the president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party since 2020. After her party received the most votes in the 2022 Italian general election, Meloni is expected to become the next Prime Minister of Italy—the first woman to serve in the position.

In 1992, Meloni joined the Youth Front, the youth wing of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a far-right political party with neo-fascist roots that dissolved in 1995. She later became the national leader of Student Action, the student movement of the National Alliance (AN), a national-conservative group that was MSI's legal successor. She was a councillor of the Province of Rome from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of Youth Action, the youth wing of AN. In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded Brothers of Italy (FdI) and became its president in 2014. She took part in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, and in the 2016 Rome municipal election as a mayoral candidate; she was not elected in either election. After the 2018 Italian general election, she led FdI in opposition during the entire 18th Italian legislature, letting FdI grow its popularity in opinion polls, particularly during the Draghi Cabinet, in which FdI was the only opposition party.

A right-wing populist and Italian nationalist, her political positions have been described as far right, which she rejects as a label to describe her views. She describes herself as a Catholic Christian and a conservative, and says she defends "God, fatherland, and family". She is opposed to abortion, euthanasia, and to partnerships, marriages, and parenting by same-sex couples, saying that nuclear families are exclusively headed by male–female pairs. Opposed to the reception of non-European migrants and multiculturalism, she has been accused of xenophobia and Islamophobia. A supporter of NATO, she maintains Eurosceptic views regarding the European Union, which she describes as Eurorealist, and was in favour of better relations with Russia before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which she condemned, pledging to keep sending arms to Ukraine.

Meloni has expressed controversial views, such as praising Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1996 when she was 19, as well as Giorgio Almirante, a Nazi collaborator and subsequently co-founder of MSI, in 2020 when she was 43. On the uncontroversial side, she has condemned both the suppression of democracy and the Italian racial laws during and before World War II.

Early life

Giorgia Meloni was born in Rome on 15 January 1977.[1][2] Her father was from Sardinia and her mother from Sicily. Her father, a tax advisor who was convicted for drug trafficking and sentenced to 9 years in a Spanish prison,[3] left the family when she was eleven years old moving to the Canary Islands.[4] She grew up in the district of Garbatella.[4] In 1992, at 15 years of age, she joined the Youth Front, the youth wing of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist political party that dissolved in 1995.[1] During this time, she founded the student coordination Gli Antenati (The Ancestors), which took part in the protest against the public education reform promoted by minister Rosa Russo Iervolino.[5]

In 1996, she became the national leader of Student Action, the student movement of the National Alliance (AN), the national-conservative heir of the MSI, representing this movement in the Student Associations Forum established by the Italian Ministry of Education.[6] In 1998, after winning the primary election, she was elected as a councillor of the Province of Rome, holding this position until 2002. In 2000, she was elected national director and in 2004 she was the first woman president of Youth Action, the AN youth wing.[7] During these years, she worked as a nanny, waitress, and bartender at the Piper Club [it; fr], one of the most famous night clubs in Rome.[8][9]

Meloni graduated from Rome's Amerigo Vespucci Institute (AVI) in 1996.[2] She declared that she obtained the high school diploma in languages at the AVI, with the final mark of 60/60.[10] However, the school was not a foreign language high school and was not qualified to issue a diploma in languages; instead, it was a technical high school specialized in the tourist industry.[10] This created a controversy about whether she lied about her diploma.[11]

Political career

Minister of Youth

2006 portrait of Meloni for the Chamber of Deputies
Meloni in 2006

In the 2006 Italian general election, she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the National Alliance (AN), where she became its youngest ever vice-president.[12] In the same year, she started to work as a journalist.[13] In 2006, Meloni defended the laws passed by the Berlusconi III Cabinet that benefited companies of the prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi and also delayed ongoing trials involving him. Meloni stated "it is necessary to contextualise them. Those are laws that Silvio Berlusconi made for himself. But they are perfectly fair laws."[14] In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a position she held until 16 November 2011, when Berlusconi was forced to resign as the prime minister amid a financial crisis and public protests.[15] She was the youngest-ever minister in the history of united Italy.[16]

In August 2008, she invited Italian athletes to boycott the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games in disagreement with the Chinese policy implemented towards Tibet; this statement was criticized by Berlusconi, as well as the foreign affairs minister Franco Frattini.[17] In 2009, her party merged with Forza Italia (FI) into The People of Freedom (PdL) and she took over the presidency of the united party's youth section, called Young Italy.[16] In the same year, she voted in favour of a decree law against euthanasia.[18]

In November 2010, on behalf of the ministry, she presented a 300 million euro package called the Right to the Future. It was aimed at investing in young people and contained five initiatives, including incentives for new entrepreneurs, bonuses in favour of temporary workers and loans for deserving students.[19] In November 2012, she announced her bid to contest the PdL leadership against Angelino Alfano, in opposition to the party's support of the Monti Cabinet. After the cancellation of the primaries, she teamed up with fellow politicians Ignazio La Russa and Guido Crosetto to set out an anti-Monti policy, asking for renewal within the party and being also critical of the leadership of Berlusconi.[20][21]

Leader of Brothers of Italy

Giorgia Meloni with Guido Crosetto at a FdI rally in 2014
Meloni with Guido Crosetto during an FdI rally in 2014

In December 2012, Meloni, La Russa, and Crosetto founded a new political movement, Brothers of Italy (FdI), whose name comes from the words of the Italian national anthem.[22][23] In the 2013 Italian general election, she stood as part of Berlusconi's centre-right coalition and received 2.0% of the vote and 9 seats.[24] She was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Lombardy and was later appointed the party's leader in the house, a position that she would hold until 2014, when she resigned to dedicate herself to the party. She was succeeded by Fabio Rampelli.[25] In March 2014, she became president of FdI, and in April she was nominated for the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy as the leader of the FdI in all the five constituencies. FdI party obtained 3.7% of the votes, not exceeding the threshold of 4%, and she did not become a Member of the European Parliament;[26][27] she received 348,700 votes.[28] On 4 November 2015, she founded Our Land – Italians with Giorgia Meloni, a conservative political committee in support of her campaigns.[29] Our Land is a parallel organization to FdI,[30] and aimed at enlarging FdI's popular base.[31]

On 30 January 2016, she participated in the Family Day, an anti-LGBT rights demonstration, declaring herself against LGBT adoption. At the same Family Day, she announced that she was pregnant; her daughter Ginevra was born on 16 September.[32] In the 2016 Rome municipal election, she ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini, a political party led by Matteo Salvini, and in opposition to the candidate supported by Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice that of FI's candidate, but she did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3% of the vote.[33] During the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum on the reform promoted by Renzi's government, Meloni founded the "No, Thanks" committee and participated in numerous television debates, including one against the then prime minister Matteo Renzi.[34] As "No" won with almost 60% of the votes, Meloni called for snap elections. When Renzi resigned, she withheld confidence from the next government led by Paolo Gentiloni.[35][36] The 2–3 December 2017 congress of FdI in Trieste saw the re-election of Meloni as president of the party, as well as a renewal of the party logo and the joining of Daniela Santanchè, a long-time right-wing politician.[37]

Giorgia Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018
Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018

As party leader, she decided to form the alliance with the League (Lega), led by Salvini, launching several political campaigns with him against the centre-left government led by the Democratic Party (PD), placing FdI in Eurosceptic and right-wing populist positions.[38] In the 2018 Italian general election, FdI stood as part of the centre-right coalition,[39] with Berlusconi's FI, Salvini's Lega, and Raffaele Fitto's Us with Italy.[40] Meloni's party obtained 4.4% of the vote and more than three times the seats won in 2013.[41] She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the single-member constituency of Latina, Lazio, with 41% of the vote.[42] The centre-right coalition, in which the League emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies; as no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a hung parliament.[43]

In February 2021, she joined the Aspen Institute,[44][45] an international think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C.,[46][47] which includes many financiers, businessmen, and politicians, such as Giulio Tremonti.[48][49][50] On 19 February 2021, the University of Siena professor Giovanni Gozzini insulted Meloni calling her vulgar names from a radio; both the president Sergio Mattarella and the prime minister Mario Draghi phoned Meloni and stigmatized Gozzini, who was suspended by the board of his university.[51][52] In October 2021, she signed the Madrid Charter,[53] a 2020 document that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".[54] It was drafted by Vox, a Spanish ultranationalist party. She also took part at Vox's party congress,[55] where she said: "Yes to the natural family. No to the LGBT lobby. Yes to sexual identity. No to gender ideology ... no to Islamist violence, yes to secure borders, no to mass migration ... no to big international finance ... no to the bureaucrats of Brussels!"[56][57] In February 2022, she spoke at the annual Conservative Political Action Conference in Florida. She told the attending American conservative activists and officials they must defend their views against progressives.[58]

Heading into the 2022 Italian general election, a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis,[59][60] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.[61] As of July 2022, FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[62][63] and she was widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtained an absolute majority in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[64] In an attempt to moderate herself to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo-fascist or far right,[65] including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orbán,[66] Meloni told the foreign press that Italian Fascism is history. As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel, and the Republican Party in the United States.[67] Critics were skeptical of her claims, citing her speeches on immigration and LGBT rights.[68][69] She campaigned for lower taxes, less European bureaucracy, and a halt to immigration through a naval blockade,[70] with the slogan "Italy and Italians first!"[71]

In a record-low voter turnout election,[72] exit polls projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.[56][73][74] Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,[75][76] and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,[77] she is the frontrunner and would become the country's first female prime minister.[78][79] The PD, head of the centre-left coalition, conceded defeat shortly after the exit polls,[80] and Hungary's Orbán, Poland's Mateusz Morawiecki, United Kingdom's Liz Truss, and Marine Le Pen, former leader of National Rally (RN) in France, congratulated Meloni.[81] European radical right parties and leaders, such as Alternative for Germany and Vox, also celebrated Meloni's results.[82]

Political positions

Giorgia Meloni speaking at the CPAC in Florida in 2022
Meloni speaking at the 2022 Conservative Political Action Conference in Florida

Observers have described Meloni's political positions as far right.[83][84] In an interview with Nicholas Farrell of The Spectator, Meloni rejected descriptions of her politics as far right, calling it a smear campaign by her opponents.[85] She has described herself as a conservative.[86] Additionally, Meloni has been described as hard right,[87] right-wing populist,[88][89] and nationalist.[90][91]

Meloni has been described as being close to Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of Fidesz,[92][93] National Rally in France, and Vox political party in Spain,[94][95] representatives of the Law and Justice party in Poland,[96][97] and the Republican Party in the United States.[98][99][100] Meloni self-described her party, Brothers of Italy (FdI), as a "mainstream conservative" party.[101] She is in favour of presidentialism and supports the change of the Constitution of Italy.[102]

Social issues

Meloni opposes abortion, euthanasia, and laws that recognize same-sex marriage, and describes herself as "pro-family".[103][104][105] She has said she "wouldn't change" the abortion law in Italy but would permit conscientious objection doctors to refuse to carry them out,[106][107] and stated that the recognition of same-sex unions in Italy is "good enough".[108] At a rally at the Piazza del Popolo in October 2019, she spoke against same-sex parenting; her speech became viral on Italian social media platforms.[109] Meloni is also opposed to the DDL Zan, an anti-homophobia law, declaring that in Italy "there is no homophobia".[110] She had also said that she would "rather not have a gay child" during a Le Iene interview, an Italian television show.[111][112]

Meloni is supportive of the anti-gender movement and sceptical of what she calls "gender ideology",[113][114] a belief born in the mid-1990s in the circles of the Opus Dei in order to condemn any social position other than that approved by the Catholic Church, which oppose gender studies; she says it is being thought in schools,[115][116][117] and that it attacks female identity and motherhood.[118] She is supportive of changing the Constitution of Italy in order to make it illegal for same-sex couples to adopt children.[119] In March 2018, Meloni criticized The Walt Disney Company for the decision to represent a gay couple in the musical fantasy movie Frozen II, writing on her social networks: "Enough! We are sick of it! Take your hands off the children."[120][121][122]

Immigration and multiculturalism

Meloni is opposed to the reception of non-European migrants and multiculturalism,[123][124] In August 2022, she reposted a pixelized video on Twitter that shows a woman being raped by an asylum seeker.[125] The victim of the violence decried the publication of the video and she declared she was recognized by the video posted.[126] After receiving backlash, Meloni defended herself by accusing other politicians of not having condemned the rape itself.[127][128] She has criticized Italy's approach towards illegal immigrants,[129] endorsing the Great Replacement, a white nationalist conspiracy theory.[130][131]

Meloni has been accused of xenophobia,[132][133][134] as well as Islamophobia.[135][136] She believes there is a planned mass migration from Africa to Europe for the purpose of replacing and eliminating Italians.[137][138][139] She has also been criticized due to her statements on vaccines and COVID-19, such as not vaccinating her daughter,[140][141][142] and stating the probability of someone aged 0–19 dying from COVID-19 was the same as being struck by lightning.[143][144]

Foreign policy

Meloni voted in favour of the 2011 military intervention in Libya; in 2019, she criticized the French rationale for the intervention, stating it was because of Muammar Gaddafi's opposition to the CFA franc.[145][146] She is critical of Italian relations with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, stating that these countries "systematically and deliberately spread fundamentalist theories that are the main causes of the growth of Islamic fundamentalism".[147] She opposed the decision to host the Supercoppa Italiana final in Saudi Arabia, and stated that Italy should actively raise the issue of human rights in Saudi Arabia.[148] Meloni advocated for the expulsion of the Indian Ambassador to Italy as a result of the Enrica Lexie case,[149] and she urged Alessandro Del Piero to refuse to play in the Indian Super League until the detained Italian marines were returned.[150] Following the Asia Bibi blasphemy case, Meloni criticized the "silence of the West" and advocated a stronger stance by the international community against human rights violations in Pakistan.[151]

Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Meloni was in favour of better relations with Russia. In her 2021 biography book I am Giorgia, she wrote that Russia under Vladimir Putin defends European values and Christian identity.[152] She has since condemned the invasion and pledged to keep sending arms to Ukraine.[153] She is supportive of NATO,[154] although she maintains Eurosceptic views towards the European Union,[155] having also previously advocated a withdrawal from the eurozone.[156][157] She rejects the Eurosceptic label, favouring the Eurorealism of a confederal Europe of sovereign nations.[158] She is a supporter of closer ties between Italy and Taiwan.[159] Meloni is a controversial figure in Croatia due to her Italian irredentist statements in which she claimed the Croatian regions of Dalmatia and Istria, and for being opposed to Croatian entry into the European Union due to the unresolved dispute concerning properties of exiled Italians after World War II from Dalmatia and Istria.[160][161]

Relationship with fascism

Meloni has expressed statements that generated controversy.[162] In an interview to the French newscast Soir 3 when she was 19,[163] she praised Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as "a good politician, in that everything he did, he did for Italy",[164][165][166] and as the best politician of the last 50 years.[167] In January 2020, there was some controversy after she and the comune of Verona supported naming a street after Giorgio Almirante, the co-founder of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), who was a Nazi wartime collaborator as a civil minister of the Italian Social Republic (RSI) and editor-in-chief of the antisemitic and racist magazine La Difesa della Razza, which published the "Manifesto of Race" in 1938.[112][168][169] Meloni and the comune also supported giving Liliana Segre, a Holocaust survivor, honorary citizenship.[170][171] In May 2020, Meloni praised Almirante as a "great politician" and "a patriot".[172][173][174] As a minister in 2009, Meloni visited Yad Vashem in Israel,[57] and she has also said as FdI party leader that her party "handed fascism over to history for decades now" and she "unambiguously condemns the suppression of democracy and the ignominious anti-Jewish laws".[175]

The independent journalistic TV program Report revealed through an investigative report published in December 2020 that her party "has reached the negative record of arrests for mafia group 'Ndrangheta",[176] and also having among her ranks Mussolini's descendants,[177] as well as fascist nostalgics,[178][179][180] according to a 2021 investigative report by Fanpage.it.[181][182] In November 2018, Meloni declared that the celebration of the Liberation Day, also known as the Anniversary of Italy's Liberation from Nazi-Fascism on 25 April, and Festa della Repubblica, which celebrates the birth of the Italian Republic on 2 June, should be substituted with the National Unity and Armed Forces Day on 4 November, which commemorates Italy's victory in World War I. She said that Liberation Day and Festa della Repubblica are "two controversial celebrations".[183] Meloni has tried to distance herself from her close ties to Roberto Jonghi Lavarini,[184] a far-right Milanese politician and entrepreneur known as the "Black Baron".[185][186][187]

After the formation of FdI in 2012, she decided to add the tricolour flame to the party flag, a symbol associated with MSI, which derived its name and ideals from the RSI as a "violent, socializing, and revolutionary republican" variant of Italian Fascism established as a Nazi German puppet state by Mussolini in 1943.[188] The tricolour flame represents Mussolini's remains, where a flame is always burning on his tomb in Predappio.[189] Observers, including historians Ruth Ben-Ghiat, David Broder, and Laurence Bertrand Dorléac,[62][131][190] said that Meloni and FdI have been ambiguous about their fascist past, at times rejecting it and at other times minimizing it, and that this has helped to rebrand both herself and her party.[191] Responding to the 2021 Fanpage report, she minimized the investigation and refused to remove openly neo-fascist members of FdI.[192] In December 2021, FdI's Alfredo Catapano and Luigi Rispoli were among former MSI members who did a Roman salute, which was condemned by the ANPI. Rispoli told Fanpage: "I believe in the new right and in the efforts Giorgia Meloni is making in Brothers of Italy. It makes me wonder, frankly, this clamour."[193] Shortly before the 2022 general election, she sacked a member that openly praised Adolf Hitler.[69] FdI had also distanced itself from the Ascoli Piceno party section after it celebrated the anniversary of the March on Rome in 2019.[194]

Personal life

Meloni has a daughter, Ginevra, with her partner Andrea Giambruno,[195][196] a journalist who works for Silvio Berlusconi's Mediaset TV channel.[197] She has said that she is a Christian and has used her religious identity in part to help build her national brand. In a 2019 speech to a rally in Rome, she said: "I am Giorgia. I'm a woman, I'm a mother, I'm Italian, I'm Christian."[102][198][199] In September 2022, she reportedly continued to embrace the old Italian Fascist slogan "God, fatherland and family". She said she resents being linked to Italy's Fascist past.[200]

Meloni is an avowed fan of fantasy, particularly J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which she called a "sacred text". As a youth activist with the Italian Social Movement (MSI), she attended the Camp Hobbit festival and sang along with the extremist folk band Compagnia dell'Anello [it], named after The Fellowship of the Ring.[201] Later, she named her political conference Atreju, after the hero of the novel The Neverending Story. According to Umberto Croppi, a former MSI member who helped started Camp Hobbit, the Italian far-right has traditionally associated itself with fantasy, which it considers to share its "vision of spirituality against materialism".[202] She told The New York Times: "I think that Tolkien could say better than we can what conservatives believe in."[203]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
2006 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 1 AN –[a] checkY Elected
2008 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 PdL –[a] checkY Elected
2013 Chamber of Deputies Lombardy 3 FdI –[a] checkY Elected
2018 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 – Latina FdI 70,268 checkY Elected
2022 Chamber of Deputies Abruzzo – L'Aquila FdI 104,823 checkY Elected
  1. ^ a b c She was elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections

2018 general election (C): Latina
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgia Meloni Centre-right coalition 70,268 41.0
Leone Martellucci Five Star Movement 62,563 36.5
Federico Fauttilli Centre-left coalition 26,293 15.3
Others 12,269 7.2
Total 171,393 100.0
2022 general election (C): L'Aquila
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgia Meloni Centre-right coalition 104,823 51.5
Rita Innocenzi Centre-left coalition 42,630 20.9
Attilio D'Andrea Five Star Movement 33,132 16.3
Others 22,998 11.3
Total 203,583 100.0

Bibliography

  • Meloni, Giorgia (2011). Noi crediamo [We believe]. Saggi (in Italian). Podda, Stefano (curator) (paperback ed.). Milan: Sperling & Kupfer, Mondadori. pp. XXVII, 164. ISBN 978-8-8200-4932-4. OCLC 898518765. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia; Meluzzi, Alessandro; Mercurio, Valentina (2019). Mafia nigeriana. Origini, rituali, crimini [Nigerian mafia. Origins, rituals, crimes]. I saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Mantova: Oligo Editore. ISBN 978-8-8857-2325-2. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia (2021). Io sono Giorgia, le mie radici, le mie idee [I am Giorgia, my roots, my ideas]. Saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Rome: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-8-8171-5468-0.

References

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External links

Party political offices
Preceded by President of the Brothers of Italy
2014–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Youth
2008–2011 		Succeeded by

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