2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami

  1. Home
  2. English Wikipedia
  3. 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami

2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami
Tonga Volcano Eruption 2022-01-15 0410Z to 0550Z.gif
Satellite animation of the initial ash plume and shockwave on 15 January over a period of 1 hour and 40 minutes
VolcanoHunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
Start date14 January 2022
End dateOngoing
LocationPacific Ocean, Tonga
20°33′00″S 175°23′06″W / 20.550°S 175.385°W / -20.550; -175.385 (Hunga Tonga)
Impact5 dead, 4+ injured, and others reported missing
Hunga Tonga is located in Tonga
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga is located in Pacific Ocean
Hunga Tonga
Hunga Tonga

On 14 January 2022, a very large eruption on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, an uninhabited volcanic island of the Tongan archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean, began. The eruption reached a powerful climax on the next day, 15 January. Hunga Tonga is 65 km (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, the country's main island,[1] and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji.[2][3] The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa, Vanuatu, and along the Pacific rim, including damaging tsunamis in New Zealand, Japan, the United States, the Russian Far East, Chile, and Peru. At least three people were killed, some were injured, and many remain missing in Tonga from tsunami waves up to 15 m (49 ft) high. Two people drowned in Peru when a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wave struck the coast. Preliminary data indicate that the event was probably the largest volcanic eruption in the 21st century, and the largest recorded since the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.[4] NASA determined that the eruption was more powerful than an atomic bomb.[5]

Volcanic activity

After staying relatively inactive since 2014,[6] the Hunga Tonga volcano erupted on 20 December 2021, sending particulates into the stratosphere. A large plume of ash was visible from Nukuʻalofa, the capital city of Tonga, about 70 km (43 mi) from the volcano.[7] The Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) in Wellington, New Zealand, issued an advisory notice to airlines.[8] This initial eruption ended at 02:00 on 21 December 2021.[7] Volcanic activity continued, and on 25 December 2021, the island had increased in size on satellite imagery.[9] As activity on the island decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January 2022.[10][11]

A four-hour observation of the January 2022 eruption over the southern Pacific Ocean from the GOES-West satellite
Shockwave from the Hunga Tonga eruption captured by GOES-17 (GOES-West) and shown using the Mid-level Water Vapor.

A large eruption commenced on 14 January 2022 at 04:20 local time, sending clouds of ash 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere.[12][13] The government of Tonga issued a tsunami warning to residents, and waves of 30 cm (12 in) were observed in Nuku'alofa.[12] Later in the afternoon, Tongan geologists near the volcano observed explosions and a 5 km (3.1 mi)-wide ash column between 17:00 and 18:30 local time.[14]

A much larger eruption started the following day (15 January 2022) at 17:14 local time (04:14:45 UTC, 15 January).[15] The eruption column from this eruption may have risen as much as 55 km (34 mi) into the mesosphere.[16] The VAAC again issued an advisory notice to airlines.[17] Ash from the eruption made landfall on the main island of Tongatapu, blotting out the sun. Loud explosions were heard 65 km (40 mi) away in Nukuʻalofa, and small stones and ash rained down from the sky.[18] Many residents in Tonga were stuck in traffic whilst attempting to flee to higher ground.[19]

The explosion was heard in Samoa, roughly 840 km (520 mi) away, before the sound travelled to more distant countries.[20][21] Residents in Fiji, more than 700 km (430 mi) away, described the sounds of thunder, while the "thump" of the eruption was also reported in Niue and Vanuatu.[22] Tremors and shaking buildings were reported by residents in southwestern Niue, around Alofi and Avatele.[23] The eruption was heard more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away in New Zealand, where the sound arrived two hours later.[24] A series of bangs were heard around 3:30 a.m. local time in and around Anchorage, Alaska, approximately 9,700 km (6,000 mi) away from the volcano, lasting about 30 minutes. Low-frequency noise persisted for approximately two hours.[25] Booms were heard as far away as Yukon in Canada.[26][27]

Satellites captured a very wide eruption column and shockwaves propagating across the Pacific Ocean.[26] The pressure wave was measured by weather stations throughout New Zealand at a maximum amplitude of about 7 hPa.[28] The pressure wave was also recorded by weather stations in Australia, with 6.9 hPa measured at Lord Howe Island and 3.3 hPa at Perth, Western Australia.[29][30][31][32] A pressure fluctuation of 2.5 hPa was measured in Switzerland,[33] and of just over 2 hPa when it reached the United Kingdom.[34] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated the eruption at a surface-wave magnitude of 5.8.[15] Shockwaves were reported as having gone around the earth as many as four times in Japan and Utah,[35][36] and at least twice at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts.[37] The pressure shockwave was also observed in Chennai, India, which is 12,000 km from the eruption site.[38]

Intense lightning activity was recorded during the eruption phase. The Vaisala National Lightning Detection Network detected the lightning in the form of radio waves. Several hundred to a thousand flashes of lightning were recorded by the system during the two weeks prior to the eruption. From 14 to 15 January 2022, tens of thousands of lightning flashes occurred.[39] Between 05:00 and 06:00 UTC on 15 January 2022, 200,000 flashes were recorded.[39][40]

Preliminary observations showed that the eruption column ejected a large amount of volcanic material into the stratosphere, leading to speculation that it would cause a temporary climate cooling effect.[41] Later calculations showed it injected an estimated 400,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere and was unlikely to have any global cooling effect.[42] Despite this, the eruption can have a cooling effect in the Southern Hemisphere, causing slight cooling of winters and spectacular sunsets. People living in the Southern Hemisphere can expect purple sunsets for a few months after the eruption. A cooling effect of 0.1–0.5 °C (0.18–0.90 °F) may last until spring (September–November) 2022.[43] The eruption was described as as a once-in-a-thousand-years event for the Hunga caldera, and the event could rank as high as 5 on the volcanic explosivity index (VEI).[44][45][4]

Tsunamis are most frequently caused by earthquakes, while those caused by volcanic eruptions are rare.[46][47] Fewer than 100 volcanic tsunamis were recorded in the prior two centuries.[46]

Tsunami

Oceania

Nuku’alofa Tonga
video icon Video of the tsunami waves hitting the capital, filmed by a resident, Mamani moe me’a fakaofō on YouTube.
A satellite image of the Hunga Tonga eruption with the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Cody to its southwest late on 15 January 2022.

As a result of the eruption, a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami[48] struck the Tongan capital Nukuʻalofa.[10][49] Tide gauges in the city recorded waves 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in–6 ft 7 in) in height.[50] Videos posted on the Internet showed a series of waves hitting the shore and homes, sweeping away debris.[51] Other videos show ashfall and a cloud of ash obscuring the sun.[10] According to a resident in the Tongan capital, a series of initial smaller explosions were heard. It was followed by a tsunami approximately 15 minutes later. The first wave was said to be the largest. A long white wave was observed out at sea approaching the coast. Three waves reportedly struck the coast.[52] In the wake of the tsunami, King Tupou VI was evacuated from the Royal Palace and traffic jams formed as locals fled inland or to higher ground.[53]

Based on an unofficial first-hand account of the tsunami in Tonga, Risklayer developed a tsunami inundation map. From the map, a tsunami with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater may have struck the west coast of the island of Tongatapu, where heavy damage was inflicted.[54] The Tongan government, on 18 January 2022, confirmed waves of up to 15 m (49 ft) struck the west coast of Tongatapu, 'Eua and Ha'apai islands.[55]

In Fiji, a tidal gauge in Suva recorded a wave measuring 20 cm (7.9 in) at 17:40 local time. Some tsunami activity was also reported in the Lau Islands.[50] The islands of Moce, Moala, Kadavu, and Taveuni were struck by low-level tsunamis that triggered flooding.[56]

In American Samoa, a tsunami measuring 61 cm (24 in) was recorded by tide gauges.[26] Niue, where residents evacuated coastal areas, reported no tsunami, despite tremors and the island's close proximity to Tonga.[23]

Tsunami waves of 1–2.5 m (3 ft 3 in–8 ft 2 in) were observed in several islands in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department said tsunami activity was expected to persist for the night of 15 January 2022.[57] Waves up to 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) in height were recorded in Hanalei, Hawaii.[58]

A combination of a cyclone surge from Cyclone Cody and the tsunami caused extensive damage at a marina in Tutukaka in New Zealand.[59] The waves pulled boats away from their moorings, taking some out into the bay and smashing some together, as well as damaging the structures at the marina. About eight to ten boats were completely sunken, with the total damage estimated to be worth millions of dollars.[60] According to Hauraki Gulf Weather, the tsunami struck on 16 January 2022 at between 01:05 and 01:10 local time on Great Barrier Island with a height of 1.33 m (4 ft 4 in).[61] The tsunami caused flooding at Mahinepua Bay, where a campsite was located; all 50 individuals at the site were safe. A group of fishers in Hokianga Harbour had to run for their lives to escape the waves, and reported having to drive through water over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep.[62] There were no casualties reported in New Zealand.[63]

In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology said tsunami waves were observed throughout Saturday night on the shores along the east coast of Australia.[64] Maximum tsunami waves of 1.27 m (4 ft 2 in) were recorded at Norfolk Island, 1.10 m (3 ft 7 in) at Lord Howe Island, 0.82 m (2 ft 8 in) at the Gold Coast, Queensland, 0.77 m (2 ft 6 in) at Twofold Bay, New South Wales, and 0.50 m (1 ft 8 in) at Hobart, Tasmania.[65][66]

Asia

In Kominato, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan, a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami was reported at 23:55 on 15 January JST. At Tosashimizu, Kōchi, the tsunami was 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) in height.[67][68] A tsunami measuring 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) was also reported in Chichijima Futami.[69] On the Tohoku coast, a 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in) wave struck at 00:38 local time, on 16 January 2022. In the Sendai Port, the tsunami measured 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) at 00:08.[70] In Iwate Prefecture, a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tsunami was recorded at 02:26 on 16 January. Tsunami waves of less than a metre were reported along the Hokkaido Pacific coast. This was the nation's first tsunami warning since the 2016 Fukushima earthquake.[71] The JMA said that the tsunami struck 2.5 hours earlier than predicted.[72]

Small tsunami waves were observed on the coast of Taiwan. The heights of the tsunami were: 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in) at Houbi Lake in Pingtung County, followed by 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in) on Orchid Island, Taitung County, 0.36 m (1 ft 2 in) in Yilan County, 0.31 m (1 ft 0 in) in Su'ao, and 0.29 m (11 in) at Hualien County. Waves were also observed at Chenggong with a height of 0.25 m (9.8 in), and at Kaohsiung for 0.24 m (9.4 in).[73]

In Jeju Island, South Korea, there were fluctuations of up to 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) in the sea level.[74]

Russia's Kuril Islands, in the country's far east, had tsunami waves of about 20 cm (7.9 in).[75][76] At least two ports were warned.[76]

Americas

In Peru, two people were killed in Lambayeque, where the tsunami measured 2 m (6 ft 7 in).[77] Waves measuring 0.68 m (2 ft 3 in) were recorded in the port of Callao, 0.72 m (2 ft 4 in) in Marcona District and 0.65 m (2 ft 2 in) in Paita.[78]

The highest tsunami waves in the United States were 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) in Port San Luis in San Luis Obispo County (Southern California) and 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in both Arena Cove and Crescent City (Northern California).[75][79] Significant waves hit the Santa Cruz Harbor,[80] and its parking lot was flooded with about 0.91 m (3 ft 0 in) of water,[79] while Soquel Creek in the neighboring city of Capitola flowed backwards.[81] A surfing competition was cancelled.[82] Strong currents in Half Moon Bay were reported,[80] while small waves were observed at Seal Beach.[83] Waves up to 0.37 m (1 ft 3 in) in height were recorded in Nikolski, Alaska.[84]

There was an unusually high tide along the coasts of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. At 11:55 am local time, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) said tide levels rose 29 cm (11 in) in Winter Harbour. Large tree logs were pushed up by the high tides and left on the beaches.[85]

On the Mexican coasts of the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Baja California Peninsula, sea level rise was reported with waves of 30 cm (12 in) to 61 cm (24 in).[86] A maximum tide level of 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) was measured at Manzanillo, Colima, according to the Mareographic Service of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The tsunami had an amplitude of 1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) in Zihuatanejo. Waves of just under 1 m (3 ft 3 in) were recorded in Acapulco, Huatulco, and Salina Cruz.[87]

In northern Chile, waves of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) struck the coastline. Videos and images on social media from the Los Ríos Region showed the tsunami damaging piers, carrying boats and hitting beaches.[88] A tsunami of 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) was measured at Chañaral.[89]

Minor tsunamis were measured as far away as the Caribbean Sea and Texas, with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reporting a maximum rise of 12 cm (4.7 in) at the Isla de Mona in Puerto Rico at 16:11 UTC.[90] These may have been meteo-tsunamis related to slight atmospheric pressure changes.[91]

Response

14 January

A tsunami warning was issued on 14 January in Tonga after an eruption was observed. Volcanic activity decreased following that eruption and the warning was lifted in the early morning of 15 January. A 30 cm (12 in) wave was observed during the first tsunami warning.[92]

15 January

A tsunami warning signboard at Gesashi Bay Mangrove Forest, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

Another warning was issued to the whole of Tonga on the evening of 15 January following the next eruption.[92] Warning sirens blared in Nukuʻalofa while authorities urged residents to flee to higher ground.[93]

The Mineral Resources Department in Fiji issued advisories to people living around the coastal areas to stay away from the shores.[94] Evacuations were made on the Lau Islands after wave activity was observed in the sea.[50] Fiji's Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum urged the public to stay indoors and cover household water tanks in the event of rain due to the risk of fallout of sulfuric acid from the SO
2 emitted in the air by the eruption.[95] In Wallis and Futuna, a tsunami warning was issued, but no damage was reported and the alert was lifted in the evening of 15 January.[96]

Tsunami warnings were also issued to American Samoa by the PTWC.[97][98] The PTWC considered the tsunami "hazardous" and warned that changes in sea level, as well as strong currents, could pose a risk along the coast.[99] Samoa later issued a tsunami advisory.[100] The PTWC later cancelled the tsunami warning for American Samoa.[101]

The National Emergency Management Agency of New Zealand told residents to expect "strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges" along the north and east coast of North Island, as well as the Chatham Islands.[102] The agency added that the currents have the potential to injure and drown people.[103]

A tsunami warning was issued by the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, with a land warning issued for Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, and a marine warning for the east coast of Australia, Tasmania, and Macquarie Island.[65] On 16 January, at 06:55 AEDT (15 January 2022, 19:55 UTC), tsunami marine warnings were issued to New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania for strong and dangerous currents.[104]

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) informed residents that a slight disturbance in the sea could occur without any damage.[58] The tsunami would not pose a threat to the Japanese coastline. Officials from the JMA said that sea level rise of no more than 20 cm (7.9 in) could be expected for 24 hours from 9:00 p.m. Japan Standard Time (UTC+9).[105] A tsunami warning was issued in the Amami Islands and Tokara Islands by the JMA with forecasted waves of up to 3 m (9.8 ft). Additional warnings were issued to the east and southeast coast for waves of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in).[106] A warning and evacuation order was issued to Iwate Prefecture, and evacuation orders were also issued to six other prefectures. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) said that 229,000 residents living in the eight prefectures were evacuated.[107] Japan downgraded its warnings the following morning. Russia issued a tsunami advisory for the Kuril Islands.[75]

The National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami advisory along the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia, Canada.[108][109] The advisory contained all U.S. areas along the West Coast from Southern California to Alaska.[110] Beaches were closed,[111] and coastal residents were requested to move to higher ground.[112] A surfing contest with over 100 participants was cancelled in Santa Cruz, California.[79][113] Tsunami waves measuring 30–61 cm (12–24 in) were expected to hit the shores as early as 7:30 a.m. Pacific Standard Time (UTC−8) along the Central Coast.[108] San Francisco was expected to receive waves at 8:10.[114] The highest tsunami waves are expected one to two hours after the arrival of the first waves.[108] A tsunami advisory was put in place for the entirety of Hawaii.[115] Advisories in Canada were issued along the North and Central coasts of British Columbia, along with the Haida Gwaii archipelago and Vancouver Island. No evacuation order was issued, but people were urged to avoid beaches and marinas. The warning level was low due to the height of reported waves, as they were below the 91 cm (36 in) threshold which would warrant an upgrade.[116] By 12:35 local time, the tsunami advisory for British Columbia would be cancelled.[117] By the evening, the United States lifted advisories for Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon and portions of California. They remained in effect in California in parts of the Central and North Coast until early the following day.[75][118]

No warnings were issued to Peru initially. After the tsunami struck, authorities stopped all maritime activities at the coast. Twenty-two ports along north and central Peru were closed due to tsunami activity.[119]

Chile also issued a warning for a "minor tsunami" for most of its coastal area, including the island of Rapa Nui; evacuation was declared for 12 other regions.[120][121] The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy declared a "State of Precaution" and indicated that there is a possibility of a minor tsunami in the affected regions. Later, coastal evacuation notices were issued in 14 of the 16 regions in Chile. A "Red alert" level was issued to more than 6,400 km (4,000 mi) of its coastline. The Chilean National Office for Emergency (ONEMI) said that tsunami activity could persist overnight, so those impacted would need to hold onto their emergency supplies and aid.[88]

Ecuador issued a warning of maritime disturbance for the Galápagos Islands.[122]

Mexico issued tsunami warnings for the coasts of states of Baja California, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, urging people to avoid the coasts and entering the sea.[123]

Subsequent days

A tsunami advisory was issued to American Samoa following a new eruption at the volcano on 16 January. The advisory was cancelled almost two hours later.[124] A tsunami alert that was issued to Fiji on 15 January was cancelled.[125]

On 17 January, the Department of Environment in Fiji confirmed that the sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased overnight. As previously advised, the department urged the public to cover all household water tanks and stay indoors in the event of acid rain. The Ministry of Environment also advised the public not to consume rainwater.[126][127]

The first aid planes from New Zealand and Australia arrived on Tonga on 20 January, as phone lines were partially restored.[128][129]

Impact

Countries Deaths Injuries Missing Ref.
Tonga 3 Some Some [130][131][132]
Peru 2 0 0 [77]
United States 0 3 0 [133]
Japan 0 1 0 [134]
Total 5 4+ Some

Tonga

Little information was made available on the extent of damage and casualties from Tonga due to communication issues involving a damaged undersea cable.[58] Video footage showing waves hitting coastal areas in Tonga was reported by Sky News.[135] Atatā, a small island off the capital city, was reportedly submerged and rescue operations were being carried out. Images confirmed that most of the island have been wiped out; the New Zealand Defence Force described the damages as "catastrophic".[136] There were some reports of residents in Tonga struggling to breathe as a result of the ash.[137][138]

Effects of the eruption in Tonga.

According to a media release by the government via a tweet, all structures were destroyed on Mango Island. Only two buildings remained intact on Fonoifua Island, and Nomuka Island suffered major damage. Twenty-one homes were destroyed and another 35 were seriously damaged on Tongatapu's west coast. Eight homes were demolished and 20 seriously damaged in Nukuʻalofa. ʻEua Island saw the loss of 2 homes and 45 damaged.[55] An assessment by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) revealed extensive damage on Atatā Island; at least 72 buildings were affected by the tsunami and the whole island was blanketed by ash.[139] Early reports said Atatā Island, which is located off the main Tongan island near Nukuʻalofa, was submerged by the tsunami.[137] A Facebook post by the Royal Sunset Island Resort on the island said all residents were accounted for and safely evacuated.[139] On Tongatapu, 50 homes were destroyed and 100 more suffered damage.[140]

A New Zealand government official in the capital Nukuʻalofa said extensive damage occurred on the waterfront of the city, as it was severely hit by the tsunami.[141] Acting High Commissioner Peter Lund said that several people were unaccounted for following the eruption and tsunami.[131] Tattoo parlour owner Angela Glover, a British resident in Tonga was among the people missing, swept away by the tsunami when it hit Nukuʻalofa.[142] Glover's body was later found.[143] Though the extent of the damage in Tonga is still not clear, a blanket of thick ash has contaminated water supplies, cut off communications and prevented surveillance flights, making it difficult for relief efforts to begin.[144] Another fatality was confirmed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade on 18 January.[145] Lund added that there is an unconfirmed third death from the tsunami.[146] This third death was identified as a local resident, and the Tongan government has confirmed three deaths were the result of the tsunami.[130] The Government of Tonga said that the two locals who died were from Mango and Nomuka islands respectively.[55] Government officials also added that an unspecified number of people were injured.[132]

A P-3K2 Orion aircraft flies over an area of Tonga that shows the heavy ash fall from the recent volcanic eruption within the Tongan Islands.

Photos shared by a resident on the island of Lifuka, northeast of Nukuʻalofa showed minor damage to island communities and a wharf. Damage suggests the island was hit by smaller waves. The islands of ʻUiha and Haʻano also sustained limited damage from the tsunami. Several photographs showed debris left by the tsunami strewn across a road and on grass fields.[147] Owners of the Ha'atafu Beach Resort wrote on Facebook that their beach resort, located at the northern tip of the island of Tongatapu, was completely destroyed. The employees were able to escape. They added that the whole western coastline of the island and Kanukupolu village were destroyed.[148] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated that there was concern for two low-lying islands in the Haʻapai group, Fonoi and Mango, as a distress beacon had been detected on one of the islands (Fonoi has a population of 69 people, while Mango has 36 residents).[149] A surveillance flight confirmed "substantial property damage" on the two low-lying islands; the Tongan government later confirmed that all homes on Mango Island were destroyed.[150][151]

Southern Cross Cable reported that the eruption may have broken the Tonga Cable System, which connects Tonga to Southern Cross's trans-Pacific cable in Fiji.[152] Southern Cross cited a fault in the international cable 37 km (23 mi) from Nukuʻalofa, and a further fault in a domestic cable 47 km (29 mi) from Nukuʻalofa.[153] New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern had earlier stated that an undersea cable serving Tonga was affected, probably due to power cuts, and authorities were urgently attempting to restore communications.[154] The chair of the Tonga Cable System, Samiuela Fonua, stated that repair crews would not be cleared to access the site of the faults before volcanic activity ceased at Hunga Tonga; with additional preparation time necessary for the repairs, internet services could be unavailable for over two weeks after the eruption.[155] Repairs are not expected to begin until 1 February.[156]

Severe damage on the west coast of Tongatapu was confirmed by the New Zealand High Commission in Tonga on 17 January.[157] Surveillance flights by the Australian Defence Forces reported extensive damage along the west coast.[158] The shores of Nuku’alofa have substantial damage as debris and rocks were deposited inland by the tsunami waves, according to an early report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). A 2 cm (0.79 in) layer of volcanic ash blanketed the capital Nuku’alofa.[159]

Satellite images of Nomuka island showed that nearly a fifth of the structures have been damaged, with more than 40 buildings covered in ash.[160] The Fua’amotu International Airport was covered with ash and dirt.[161] There were also reports of water damage in the district of Nuku’alofa.[162] The Tongan navy that was dispatched to Ha’apai islands reported significant damage, where a tsunami estimated to be between 5–10 m (16–33 ft) in height traveled as far as 500 m (1,600 ft) inland.[150]

Elsewhere

Volcanic ash from the eruption over Queensland, Australia on 17 January 2022
The atmospheric plume from the volcanic eruption in the Pacific nation of Tonga is pictured from the International Space Station as it orbited 433 km (269 mi) above the Pacific Ocean northwest of Auckland, New Zealand.

In Fiji, the eruption triggered waves in Vanua Balavu, Kadavu, Gau, and Taveuni. In the village of Moce, Lau Islands, the tsunami severely damaged some homes on the beaches. Debris was strewn across the village and boats were dragged inland.[163][164] There was sizeable damage to schools, infrastructure as well as fishing boats in the islands.[165]

One person in Itoman, Okinawa, Japan suffered a fall during the evacuations.[134] A number of fishing boats in Kōchi and Mie prefectures capsized or sank. A total of 30 fishing vessels were lost. In Muroto, five small boats sank and another five were lost. A small ship capsized and sank in Owase. The tsunami also damaged fishing nets on the coast of Tokushima Prefecture.[166] Land, sea and air transportation was affected; 27 domestic flights operated by Japan Air Lines were cancelled due to the warnings.[167]

The tsunami caused serious material damage to tour operator Sea Quest Hawaii at Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, where 80% of its inventory and gear was lost. Major damage to retail products and the business office totaled at least US$75,000.[168] Beaches and piers were flooded by the surging waves in the city. Canoes belonging to several clubs were damaged and strewn across the beach or on rock walls due to the waves. Boats were dumped inland or on piers after the waves retreated.[169]

The tsunami killed two women in Peru when a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wave struck them at Naylamp Beach, Lambayeque, Peru. The two women were in a truck along with a driver, who was the husband of one of the women. When the wave struck, the male occupant escaped; the women did not.[77] Twenty-two ports along north and central Peru were closed due to the tsunami. Substantial material damage was done to coastal businesses and the beach areas. Videos showed the tsunami flooding the streets.[119] Along the coast of Peru, the tsunami was damaging. Restaurants and boats in Lagunillas beach and San Andrés District were damaged by waves. Many beachgoers were evacuated to safety while businesses closed.[170] Damage to piers and some homes occurred in the capital, Lima. In some areas, boat owners dragged their boats onto shore to prevent the waves from damaging them.[171][172] The Peruvian Civil Defense Institute said on 17 January that an oil spill occurred at the La Pampilla refinery. The spill was caused by tsunami waves moving a ship while transporting oil onto the refinery.[173] The oil spill affected some 1,187 km2 (458 sq mi) of sea and 1,740 km2 (670 sq mi) of beach-coastal strip, and more than 500 ha (1,200 acres) of protected natural areas in Peru.[174]

Despite the warnings from officials, some residents in California strayed too close to the sea, where they were swept away by strong surges, such as the situation at San Gregorio, California, where four fishermen were swept out to sea by the tsunami. Two of the men were injured and received medical treatment, while another two were rescued unhurt.[175] Another woman was rescued and treated by medical workers at China Beach, San Francisco.[133] San Francisco firefighters and the U.S. Coast Guard rescued three surfers.[79] The tsunami caused extensive damage at the Santa Cruz harbor in Santa Cruz, California. Electrical systems, pilings, restrooms and showers were damaged and repair costs were estimated at US$6.5 million.[176]

Minor material damage occurred on the coast of Penco, and six people were trapped in Coliumo (near Tomé), in Chile's Biobío Region.[177] No casualties were reported due to the evacuations. A State of Precaution is still in place in Atacama, Coquimbo, Ñuble and Biobío as of 16 January 2022.

Flights to Tonga and in the surrounding region were disrupted by lingering volcanic ash. Air New Zealand stated that a repatriation flight to Tonga that was originally scheduled for 20 January was postponed indefinitely, and Fiji Airways announced that all flights to Tonga were postponed and several services to Australia could face delays and longer flight times.[178] An Aircalin flight from Tokyo to Nouméa was diverted to Brisbane to avoid volcanic ash, with a subsequent flight from Nouméa to Sydney placed on hold.[179] The ash cloud reached Queensland on 17 January, creating an "eerie, spectacular, and incredible" sunrise.[180]

Assistance

New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were discussing the provision of aid to Tonga.[181] Ardern described the events in Tonga as "hugely concerning".[137] On 16 January, she announced New Zealand was donating NZ$500,000, which was "very much the starting point". The Royal New Zealand Navy was preparing to sail and a RNZAF P-3 Orion would be sent on a reconnaissance flight as soon as it was safe to do so. The ash cloud was estimated at 19,000 m (62,000 ft) high, well above the Orion's service ceiling.[154] The C-130H Hercules airlift is ready to serve as well.[182] Following reports of no continued ashfall in Tonga, the P-3 Orion left RNZAF Base Auckland for Tonga on the morning of 17 January.[183] On 18 January, as an RNZAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules was unable to land following continued ashfall in Tonga, two Royal New Zealand Navy ships set sail for Tonga. HMNZS Wellington carried survey equipment and a helicopter, while HMNZS Aotearoa carried 250,000 L (55,000 imp gal; 66,000 US gal) of water and desalination equipment to produce a further 70,000 L (15,000 imp gal; 18,000 US gal) per day.[184] On 20 January, New Zealand announced that it would dispatch a third warship, HMNZS Canterbury with two NH90 helicopters to assist with relief efforts.[185]

Tonga has accepted an offer by the Australian government of a surveillance flight to assess the damage. Two Boeing P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft and a Lockheed C-130J Hercules of the Royal Australian Air Force departed on the morning of 17 January 2022 for Tonga to survey damage to roadways, ports and power lines.[186][187][188] The Australian and New Zealand governments also announced they were coordinating their humanitarian response with France and the United States.[189][190] Assistance from France is provided through the humanitarian aid mechanism of the FRANZ agreement with Australia and New Zealand.[191] Australia would later announce that HMAS Adelaide would be deployed to Tonga with water purification and humanitarian supplies.[192] The United States dispatched USS Sampson as well as a coast guard vessel while the United Kingdom deployed HMS Spey.[193]

On 17 January, officials in Tonga called for immediate aid. Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Tonga Fatafehi Fakafanua in a social media post wrote that "Tonga needs immediate assistance to provide its citizens with fresh drinking water and food". The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Pacific Island Forum has offered its assistance.[194] Tearfund and Oxfam provided immediate assistance by supporting people with food and water. Oxfam has filtering units in Tongatapu which can turn salt water into drinking water. UNICEF will work with the Tongan government to reach affected children and families. The agency is also ready to transport its emergency supplies from Fiji and Brisbane.[195]

On 17 January, the Red Cross Society of China decided to provide US$100,000 of emergency humanitarian aid in cash to the Tongan side,[196] while the government of China said it would deliver a batch of disaster relief materials to Tonga at the request of the South Pacific island country.[197] In addition, the Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid stated that Israel was exploring ways of providing aid to Tonga through its aid agency Mashav including access to safe drinking water.[198]

On 18 January, the Singapore Red Cross Society pledged US$50,000 in aid to Tonga and also announced a fundraising effort to raise more help for those affected by the tsunami.[199] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Asia Pacific said that drinking water were hurriedly distributed to people in need due to the tsunami and ash affecting local water supply. The Tonga Red Cross provided temporary shelters and supplied water to affected communities. Emergency response teams were sent to Mango, Fonoifua and Namuka islands.[200]

Fiji's Attorney General and Acting Prime Minister Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum said that Fiji was working with New Zealand and Australia to coordinate regional relief efforts. He added that Fiji had offered to dispatch Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) personnel and engineers that would join the Australian Defence Force (ADF). Relief supplies would also be sent to the Lau group that was affected by the tsunami.[201][202]

Tongan Olympian flagbearer Pita Taufatofua, who became widely known during the 2016 Summer Olympics, gathered more than US$330,000 in aid to his native Tonga, after he opened a GoFundMe fundraising website.[203]

On 20 January, the Japanese Government dispatched two C-130H via Australia to Tonga. Subsequently, the Japanese Ministry of Defense decided to send JS Osumi with 60,000 l (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) of drinking water, high-pressure cleaning devices for removing volcanic ash, and two CH-47J onboard. The Ministry had also deployed its C-2 transport aircraft loaded with additional relief supplies.[204] The Japanese Government has also planned to offer more than ¥ 114 million (US$1 million) in funds for Tonga.[205]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ Clift, Peter D.; Rose, Estelle F.; Shimizu, Nobumichi; Layne, Graham D.; Draut, Amy E.; and Regelous, Marcel. "Tracing the Evolving Flux From the Subducting Plate in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc System Using Boron in Volcanic Glass" Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65:19 (October 2001) doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00670-6
  3. ^ Gupta, Alok K. Igneous Rocks Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998 ISBN 81-7023-784-X
  4. ^ a b "Tonga eruption likely the world's largest in 30 years". rnz.co.nz. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Tonga volcano: Eruption more powerful than atomic bomb, Nasa says". BBC News. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  6. ^ Khan, Aina J. (15 January 2022). "Tsunami Reported in Tonga After an Underwater Volcano Eruption". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b Mary Lyn Fonua (21 December 2021). "Air NZ funeral flight to Tonga cancelled as Hunga eruption continues". Matangi Tonga. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  8. ^ "VA ADVISORY DTG: 20211219/2209Z VAAC: WELLINGTON VOLCANO: HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI 243040". VAAC. 19 December 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  9. ^ "Tonga volcano grows in size as eruption continues for sixth day". RNZ. 25 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  10. ^ a b c "Waves hitting Tonga as volcano tsunami warning is in place". 1 News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  11. ^ Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga (11 January 2022). "7 Days with no further eruption from Hunga Volcano. It is now declared dormant". Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022 – via Facebook.
  12. ^ a b "Underwater volcano Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai erupts again". Radio New Zealand. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  13. ^ Sennert, Sally Kuhn. "Global Volcanism Program | Report on Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (Tonga) — 12 January-18 January 2022". volcano.si.edu. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20220112-243040 (inactive 24 January 2022). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2022 (link)
  14. ^ "Tongan geologists observe stunning eruptions at Hunga". Matangi Tonga. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b "M 5.8 Volcanic Eruption – 68 km NNW of Nuku'alofa, Tonga". USGS. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ Simon Proud [@simon_sat] (20 January 2022). "We've been looking into the Tonga eruption in more detail. Our latest data says that the main volcanic 'umbrella' reached 35 km altitude - but some points (such as the image below) may have reached 55 km altitude! Shocking altitudes that show just how violent this eruption was" (Tweet). Retrieved 21 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  17. ^ "Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: NEW ERUPTION SEEN IN SATELLITE IMAGERY OBS VA DTG: 15/0439Z to 52000 ft (15800 m)". Volcano discovery. VAAC Wellington. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  18. ^ "New tsunami warning as waves hitting Tonga". Kaniva Tonga. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  19. ^ Louise Cheer (15 January 2022). "Tsunami hits Tonga after 'catastrophic' volcano eruption". Yahoo News Australia. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  20. ^ Narayan, Vijay (15 January 2022). "Loud thundery sounds being experienced in Fiji are from the huge volcanic eruption in Tonga". Fiji Village. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  21. ^ Martin, Hannah; Bohny, Skara; Ockhuysen, Stephanie; Tokalau, Torika (15 January 2022). "'Screams everywhere': Tsunami waves crash through homes in Tonga after eruption". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Cyclone Cody: Latest developments from New Zealand and the Pacific after Tonga tsunami and eruption". Radio New Zealand. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  23. ^ a b Pavihi, Esther (16 January 2022). "Yesterday's Hunga-Tonga volcano eruption was heard and felt in Niue but no tsunami impact". Television Niue. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  24. ^ "'Rapid bang': Kiwis hear Tongan volcano erupt from thousands of kilometres away". stuff.co.nz. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  25. ^ Berman, Annie (16 January 2022). "Volcano eruption near Tonga causes booms heard by Alaskans nearly 6000 miles away". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  26. ^ a b c Oli Smith (15 January 2022). "Tonga tsunami: Satellite footage shows moment of volcanic shockwave – apocalyptic scenes". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  27. ^ Carroll, Luke (15 January 2022). "Noise from underwater volcanic eruption across the Pacific heard in the Yukon". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  28. ^ "A pressure surge from the latest eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai volcano in Tonga has been observed in our weather stations across the country this evening. Note, times are in UTC, so 06:00 UTC is 19:00 NZ Time". twitter.com. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  29. ^ Bureau of Meteorology, Australia [@BOM_au] (16 January 2022). "Bureau data shows the shockwave from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption travelled at over 1000 km/h and was recorded as a noticeable jump in atmospheric pressure across Australia. By the time it reached Perth it had travelled almost 7000 kilometres" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 January 2021 – via Twitter.
  30. ^ Grubb, Ben; Noyes, Jenny; Han, Esther (15 January 2022). "Waves crash into Tonga homes as tsunami warnings sound across the Pacific". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  31. ^ @Ben_Domensino (15 January 2022). "This is phenomenal. It appears the atmospheric pressure waves created by the #Tonga #volcano have been detected on Australia's east coast. This graph shows MSLP fluctuating in Sydney around the same time satellite images showed the pressure wave reaching eastern Australia" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 16 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  32. ^ @Ben_Domensino (15 January 2022). "The pressure wave was also detected in #Perth, WA around 6:30 pm AWST, some 6900 km away from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  33. ^ Jörg Kachelmann [@Kachelmann] (15 January 2022). "Unglaublich: Die Druckwelle aus #Tonga ist gerade in der Schweiz angekommen, 2,5 hPa Ausschlag" [Unbelievable: The pressure wave from #Tonga has just arrived in Switzerland, 2.5 hPa rash] (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  34. ^ UK Met Office [@metoffice] (16 January 2022). "Our atmosphere acts as a fluid, like dropping a pebble in a still pond and seeing the ripples. A UK pressure trace for the past 24 hours shows how our atmosphere continues to see those ripples since the first pressure wave from the #Tonga eruption arrived on Saturday evening" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  35. ^ "トンガ火山噴火による衝撃波が地球1周して再来か 今朝も各地で気圧変化" [Is the shock wave from the eruption of Tonga going around the earth and coming back?]. ウェザーニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  36. ^ Michael Bunds [@cataclasite] (17 January 2022). "Sure looks like we got a fourth passage of the Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha'apai eruption shockwave in Utah. Timing is spot-on and signal is similar to previous passages. Interesting for sure but worried for the people of Tonga" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  37. ^ Burnett, A. J. (16 January 2022). "Weather instruments around southern New England detect Hunga Tonga shockwave". WCVB. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  38. ^ Reporter (17 January 2022). "Shockwave from Tonga volcanic eruption recorded in Chennai". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  39. ^ a b Robin George Andrews (16 January 2022). "The Tonga eruption explained, from tsunami warnings to sonic booms". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  40. ^ Chris Vagasky [@COweatherman] (15 January 2022). "Some hourly statistics from this latest #HungaTongaHungaHaapai #HungaTonga #Volcano Eruption. Peak hourly rate was 200,000 discharges between 0500 and 0600 UTC! Just absolutely amazing" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ @Weather_West (15 January 2022). "It appears likely that massive Hunga-Tonga eruption produced powerful enough eruption plume to inject significant amount of material well into stratosphere. Violent eruption of tropical volcano like this fits profile of event that could have small, temporary climate effect..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 16 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  42. ^ Morton, Jamie (17 January 2022). "No, Hunga-Tonga eruption won't slow global warming". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  43. ^ Hamish Cardwell (17 January 2022). "Tonga eruption could have 'cooling effect' on southern hemisphere". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  44. ^ "Tonga volcano eruption and tsunami: No power, communications still down". RNZ. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  45. ^ Shane Cronin (16 January 2022). "Why the volcanic eruption in Tonga was so violent, and what to expect next". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  46. ^ a b Krieger, Lisa M. (15 January 2022). "Volcanic tsunamis: Why they are so difficult to predict". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  47. ^ Perry, Nick (16 January 2022). "Tsunami threat recedes from huge Pacific volcanic eruption". The Washington Post. AP. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  48. ^ "National No Threat Bulletin issued 4:58 pm AEDT Saturday 15 January 2022". Australian Bureau of Meterology. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  49. ^ "Another tsunami warning issued for Tonga". FBC News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  50. ^ a b c Semi Turaga; Vijay Narayan. "Full Story: Stay out of the water & away from the shore due to strong currents & dangerous waves – Mineral Resources Department". Fiji village. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  51. ^ "Footage shows waves crashing into homes as tsunami warning sounds in Tonga". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  52. ^ "Journalist based in Tonga describes 'huge' volcanic explosions". 1 News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  53. ^ "King evacuated as thousands flee for higher ground at Mataki'eua and Fualu height". Kaniva Tonga. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  54. ^ Andreas Schäfer [@DrAndreasS] (16 January 2022). "With a first unofficial report at hand (link below), I revisited my first tsunami simulation and compared it. Inundation for Hihifo seems close to observation. Inundation in Nuku'alofa probably overestimated. Some areas still with question marks. #Tonga #Tsunami #Nukualofa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  55. ^ a b c Consulate of the Kingdom of Tonga [@ConsulateKoT] (18 January 2022). "FIRST OFFICIAL UPDATE FOLLOWING THE VOLCANIC ERUPTION FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF TONGA Flag of Tonga" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  56. ^ "Tongan tsunami felt around the Pacific". RNZ. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  57. ^ "Weather Alert: Vanuatu Tsunami Advisory (January 15, 2022)". US Embassy in Papua New Guinea, Solomon islands, and Vanuatu. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  58. ^ a b c "Tonga hit by tsunami after undersea volcano eruption". Georgia Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  59. ^ "New Zealand Civil Defence issues stay-off-beach warning following Tongan tsunami". Stuff. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  60. ^ "Tonga tsunami: Tutukaka damage has business wondering, 'what next?'". Stuff. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  61. ^ "Severe damage to Tutukaka Marina after Tonga tsunami surge". 1 News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  62. ^ "Fishers run for lives as Tongan tsunami hits New Zealand, warnings continue". Stuff. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  63. ^ Radio New Zealand (16 January 2022). "Strong tidal surges in New Zealand's Far North after Tonga Tsunamia". Newshub. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  64. ^ "New South Wales Tsunami Bulletin". 16 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  65. ^ a b "Tsunami warnings in place for Australia as Pacific feels effects of undersea volcano eruption". ABC News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  66. ^ "Tsunami hits Tonga after underwater volcanic eruption". The Guardian. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  67. ^ "【速報】各地で津波を観測" [[Breaking news] Observing tsunamis in various places] (in Japanese). TBS News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  68. ^ "津波情報＝気象庁発表（津波観測に関する情報）" [Tsunami information - Japan Meteorological Agency announcement (information on tsunami observation)] (in Japanese). Web Tooku. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  69. ^ "奄美に１・２メートルの津波到達 トンガ噴火影響か" [A 1.2-meter tsunami reaches Amami. Is it due to the Tonga eruption?] (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  70. ^ "仙台港などでも津波観測 トンガ沖・海底火山噴火" [Tsunami observation at Sendai Port, etc. Eruption of submarine volcano off Tonga] (in Japanese). Kahoku News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  71. ^ "Japan's Pacific coast hit by tsunami waves after Tonga eruption". The Japan Times. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  72. ^ "JMA: Tsunami from eruption lacks usual features". NHK. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  73. ^ Wu Zixian (16 January 2022). "高屏宜花東海嘯水位「亮黃燈」？ 鄭明典揭台灣影響" [Gaoping Yihua East tsunami water level "bright yellow"? Zheng Mingdian exposes the influence of Taiwan]. United Daily News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  74. ^ Choi, Woo-ri (17 January 2022). "[News analysis] Volcano eruption in Tonga not likely to be last of this century, scientists warn". Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  75. ^ a b c d "Warnings are lifted around the Pacific, as tsunami waves pass without major damage". The New York Times. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  76. ^ a b Храмова, Светлана; Гуськова, Анастасия (15 January 2022). "На Курилах объявили угрозу цунами" [Threat of tsunami has been declared in Kuril Islands]. Известия (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  77. ^ a b c Nicolás Parra (16 January 2022). "Reportan dos muertes y daños por tsunami en Perú: país no emitió alerta" [Two deaths and tsunami damage reported in Peru: country did not issue an alert] (in Spanish). Radio Bío-Bío. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  78. ^ "Perú: Oleaje anómalo afectó al litoral peruano a pesar que la Armada había descartado un tsunami en las costas del país" [Peru: Anomalous waves affected the Peruvian coast despite the fact that the Navy had ruled out a tsunami on the country's coast] (in Spanish). CNN Chile. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  79. ^ a b c d "Tsunami surges, some flooding in the Bay Area after Pacific volcano eruption". The Mercury News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  80. ^ a b "Tsunami Advisory Updated: Waves Rolling Into Santa Cruz Harbor; Live Aboard Residents Evacuated At Berkeley Marina". KPIX-TV. Associated Press. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  81. ^ "Tsunami Coverage: Waters of Soquel Creek Reverse During Tsunami Surge". Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  82. ^ "Here are the impacts of the tsunami along the Monterey Bay". 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  83. ^ Associated Press (16 January 2022). "Volcano erupts in Pacific, West Coast under tsunami advisory". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  84. ^ McChesney, Rashah (15 January 2022). "A tsunami is arriving in Alaska from volcanic eruption in Tonga". KTOO. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  85. ^ Carla Wilson (17 January 2022). "Vancouver Island communities feel tsunami effects of undersea volcano eruption near Tonga". Times Colonist. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  86. ^ "México presentó elevación del nivel del mar en las costas del Pacífico por explosión de volcán en Tonga" [Mexico presented a rise in sea level on the Pacific coast due to the explosion of a volcano in Tonga] (in Mexican Spanish). Infobae. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  87. ^ "Tonga: Tide in Manzanillo rose more than two meters due to tsunami". Paudal. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  88. ^ a b "Tsunami de casi 2 metros llega a la costa de Chile tras la erupción volcánica en Tonga" [Tsunami of almost 2 meters reaches the coast of Chile after the volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). El Comercio (Peru). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  89. ^ "Australia sends surveillance flight to tsunami-hit Tonga as extent of damage still unknown". SBS News. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  90. ^ Tsunami Information Statement Number 1 (Report). National Weather Service Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  91. ^ Erik Klemetti (15 January 2022). "Major blast in Tonga create tsunami and heavy ash fall". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  92. ^ a b "Tsunami warning now issued for all of Tonga". Radio New Zealand. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  93. ^ George Clark (15 January 2022). "Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai eruption: Tsunami alert for Tonga following underwater volcanic eruption". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  94. ^ Reece, Lena. "Tsunami alert in effect for Fiji". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  95. ^ Singh, Shanil. "AG urging people to cover water tanks & stay indoors during rain due to the risk of sulfuric acid". Fiji village. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  96. ^ "Eruption aux Tonga: alerte tsunami déclenchée à Wallis et Futuna" [Eruption in Tonga: tsunami alert triggered in Wallis and Futuna] (in fr-FR). Wallis-et-Futuna la 1ère. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  97. ^ "Message: American Samoa Warn/Adv./Watch #1". tsunami.gov. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  98. ^ "Pacific: A hazardous tsunami has been generated by volcanic activity in Tonga. Monitoring is underway to evaluate the threat. Tsunami Advisory for American Samoa. (Source: PTWC)". twitter.com. U.S. Emergency Alert. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  99. ^ "Tonga volcano generates tsunami, U.S. tsunami monitor said". Reuters. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  100. ^ Sialai Sarafina Sanerivi (15 January 2022). "Samoa's MET issues tsunami warning". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  101. ^ Ufi, Elizabeth (15 January 2022). "Tsunami warning for American Samoa canceled". KHON-TV. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  102. ^ @NZcivildefence (15 January 2022). "We have issued a National Advisory: Tsunami Activity following the Tongan eruption. We expect New Zealand coastal areas on the north and east coast of the North Island and the Chatham Islands to experience strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges at the shore" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  103. ^ William Hewett (15 January 2022). "National Emergency Management Agency issues tsunami advisory for New Zealand after Tonga volcano eruption". Newshub. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  104. ^ Sam Hussey; Gus Bruno (16 January 2022). "Beaches evacuated and closed as Bureau of Meteorology updates tsunami warning for Australia's east coast". 7News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  105. ^ "Officials: No tsunami threat to Japan". NHK. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  106. ^ "奄美群島・トカラ列島に津波警報（予想高さ ３ｍ）" [Tsunami warning on Amami Islands and Tokara Islands (estimated height 3m)] (in Japanese). NHK. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  107. ^ "津波注意報、全地域で解除 トンガ沖の海底噴火" [Tsunami warning released in all areas Submarine eruption off Tonga] (in Japanese). Nikkei Asia. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Nikkei
  108. ^ a b c Cristal Hamer (15 January 2022). "1–2 foot tsunami waves expected on Central Coast following Tongan volcano eruption". KSBW. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  109. ^ Bartiromo, Michael (15 January 2022). "Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after eruption of undersea volcano". WRIC-TV. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  110. ^ "Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after underwater volcano erupts near Tonga". KGTV. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  111. ^ Ryan, Harriet; James, Ian; Lopez, Robert; Do, Anh (15 January 2022). "Tsunami advisory issued for California coast; beaches closed, waves expected". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  112. ^ Rhoda Kwan (15 January 2022). "Tsunami advisory issued for U.S. West Coast after undersea volcanic eruption". NBC News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  113. ^ Seimas, Jim (15 January 2021). "Tsunami forces cancellation of Day 1 of USA Surfing Prime Steamer Lane". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  114. ^ "Update: Tsunami Advisory Issued For Northern California Following Violent Volcanic Eruption Near Tonga". San Francisco: CBS News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  115. ^ "Tsunami Advisory For Hawaiʻi After Tonga Eruption". bigislandvideonews.com. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  116. ^ "Tsunami advisories issued for parts of B.C. as undersea volcano erupts in Pacific". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  117. ^ "CANCELLED: Tsunami Advisory for BC Coast: Volcanic Eruption near the Tonga Islands. January 15, 2022". emergencyinfobc.gov.bc.ca. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  118. ^ "Public Tsunami Message Number 23". National Tsunami Warning Center. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  119. ^ a b "Disponen el cierre de 22 puertos ante oleajes anómalos por erupción volcánica" [They order the closure of 22 ports due to abnormal waves due to a volcanic eruption] (in Spanish). Andina. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  120. ^ "Chile alerta sobre posible "tsunami menor" tras erupción de volcán en Tonga" [Chile alerts of a possible "minor tsunami" after volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  121. ^ "Chile evacuó las costas de siete regiones por un posible "tsunami menor" tras la erupción del volcán submarino en Tonga" [Chile evacuated the coasts of seven regions due to a possible "minor tsunami" after the volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). Infobae. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  122. ^ "Ecuador con advertencia de tsunami en Galápagos por erupción en Tonga" [Ecuador with tsunami warning in Galapagos due to eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). SwissInfo. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  123. ^ Pachecho, Adriana (15 January 2022). "Tsunami en Tonga provoca actividades inusuales en costas de México" [Tsunami in Tonga causes unusual activities on the coast of Mexico] (in Spanish). Diario AS. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  124. ^ "American Samoa Warn/Adv./Watch #4". Tonga: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  125. ^ Waqairadovu, Apenisa (16 January 2022). "Tsunami alert cancelled for Fiji". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  126. ^ Naveel Krishant (17 January 2022). "Sulphur Dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased overnight which could result in acidic rainfall over Fiji". Archived from the original on 17 January 2022.
  127. ^ Kirisitiana Uluwai (17 January 2022). "Fijians warned of acid rain". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022.
  128. ^ "Tonga: New Zealand and Australian aid planes to arrive". BBC News. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  129. ^ Menon, Praveen; Needham, Kirsty; Nichols, Michelle (20 January 2022). "Aid flight arrives in Tonga; phone lines partially restored". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  130. ^ a b "Tonga tsunami sparks 'unprecedented disaster', government says". BBC News. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  131. ^ a b "NZ official: Some feared missing in Tonga". NHK. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  132. ^ a b "Tongan Politician Documents Damage at Beachside Village in Wake of Tsunami". Yahoo News. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  133. ^ a b "Rescue Crews Busy On San Francisco Bay Area Beaches During Tsunami Surge". CBS SF Bay Area. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  134. ^ a b "トンガ諸島の火山噴火に伴う津波による被害及び 消防機関等の対応状況（第３報）" [Damage caused by the tsunami caused by the volcanic eruption of the Tonga Islands and Response status of fire departments (3rd report)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  135. ^ "Tsunami waves hit Tonga after undersea volcano eruption". Sky News. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022.
  136. ^ "Tonga eruption, tsunami: Images appear to show most of Atatā island wiped out". RNZ. 19 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  137. ^ a b c "Live: Ardern to give update on 'hugely concerning' situation in Tonga". 1 News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  138. ^ "Volcanic eruption: Warning Tonga's air 'toxic'; no reports of deaths following tsunami". The New Zealand Herald. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  139. ^ a b Radio New Zealand (19 January 2022). "Tonga eruption: Images appear to show most of Atatā island wiped out by tsunami". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  140. ^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (18 January 2022). "Tonga: Volcanic Eruption - Flash Update # 3 (As of 18 January 2022)". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  141. ^ "Massive Tonga Volcanic Eruption Caused 'Significant Damage'". NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022.
  142. ^ Barbara Dreaver (16 January 2022). "UK woman missing after being swept away in Tonga tsunami". 1 News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  143. ^ "Tonga tsunami: Body of British woman swept away by wave found". Sky News. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  144. ^ "Tonga volcano eruption: Pacific tsunami damage unclear as ash blankets island nation". The Guardian. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  145. ^ James Halpin (18 January 2022). "Tonga tsunami: Two deaths confirmed, MFAT says". Stuff NZ. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  146. ^ "Tonga death toll: Three dead after eruption and tsunami, UN says". The New Zealand Herald. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  147. ^ Nadine Porter (17 January 2022). "Tonga: Photos of tsunami damage shared from outer island, close to volcanic eruption". Stuff NZ. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022.
  148. ^ "Drinking water, ash big concern as Tonga volcanic eruption causes 'significant damage'". Channel News Asia. Reuters. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  149. ^ "Distress signal prompts UN concern after Tonga volcanic eruption". Radio New Zealand. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  150. ^ a b "Reports of 'significant damage' in Tonga after eruption, tsunami". aljazeera.com. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022.
  151. ^ "Tongan government confirms all homes on Mango destroyed, fears death toll to rise". RNZ. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  152. ^ "Tonga subsea communications cable 'may be broken after all', says Southern Cross". Stuff. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  153. ^ Duckett, Chris (17 January 2022). "Volcanic eruption takes out Tonga cables". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022.
  154. ^ a b "Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern addresses situation in Tonga following volcanic eruption, tsunami". Radio New Zealand. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  155. ^ "Tonga's only undersea communication cable could be down for weeks". ABC News. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  156. ^ Mogul, Rhea; Cheung, Eric; Sharma, Akanksha; Rebane, Teele (18 January 2022). "First images of disaster-hit Tonga show entire communities covered in thick ash". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  157. ^ "Significant damage on Tonga's west coast – NZ High Commission". Radio New Zealand. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  158. ^ CNN, Helen Regan. "Here's what we know about the massive Pacific eruption and tsunami". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  159. ^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (17 January 2022). "Tonga: Volcanic Eruption – Flash Update (As of 17 January 2022)". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  160. ^ "MFAT confirms two deaths after Tonga tsunami". RNZ. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  161. ^ "Tonga volcano: first pictures after eruption show islands blanketed in ash, as two deaths confirmed". The Guardian. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  162. ^ "Before and after: Satellite images reveal extent of damage in Tonga". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  163. ^ Apenisa Waqairadovu (16 January 2022). "Storm surges damage homes". FBC News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  164. ^ Kumar, Rashika. "Ono-i-Lau, Vatoa, parts of Kadavu, Rewa Delta and the North have been affected by the Tongan volcanic eruption". fijivillage.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  165. ^ Movono, Lice (20 January 2022). "Fiji rebuilds after tsunami damage". RNZ. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  166. ^ "高知県 徳島県 三重県で漁船沈没や転覆相次ぐ" [Kochi prefecture Tokushima prefecture Mie prefecture, fishing boats sank and capsized one after another.] (in Japanese). NHK. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  167. ^ "Japan sees tsunami but no major damage after Tonga volcano eruption". Kyodo News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  168. ^ Chelsee Yee (17 January 2022). "'This loss will hurt': Hawaii business sees major damage after eruption in Tonga sends tsunami waves". KHON2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  169. ^ "Clean-up efforts underway following tsunami surge triggered by Tonga eruption". Hawaii News Now. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  170. ^ "Paracas: salida del mar afectó el muelle y dañó locales y viviendas de la zonaParacas: salida del mar afectó el muelle y dañó locales y viviendas de la zona" [Paracas: outflow of the sea affected the pier and damaged premises and homes in the area] (in Spanish). Gestión. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  171. ^ "ONEMI confirmó solo daños "menores" producto del Tsunami y destacó el comportamiento "ejemplar" de las personas" [ONEMI confirmed only "minor" damage caused by the Tsunami and highlighted the "exemplary" behavior of people"]. The Times (in Spanish). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  172. ^ "Paracas: mar se salió y dañó el muelle, locales y viviendas | VIDEOS" [Paracas: sea came out and damaged the pier, premises and homes | VIDEOS]. El Comercio (Peru) (in Spanish). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  173. ^ "Waves from eruption in Tonga cause oil spill in Peru". Channel News Asia. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  174. ^ "Comunicado del Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA)" [Statement from the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement (OEFA)]. Gob.pe (Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano) (in Spanish). 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  175. ^ Jerimiah Oetting (15 January 2022). "Here are the impacts of the tsunami along the Monterey Bay". KAZU. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  176. ^ Stuart, Ryan (18 January 2022). "Santa Cruz Harbor sees more than $6 million in tsunami damage". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  177. ^ Rojas, T; Gándara, M.; Osses, S. (15 January 2022). "Pese a todas las advertencias: familia se fue a tomar fotos a roquerío de Coliumo y quedó atrapada" [Despite all the warnings: the family went to take photos at the Coliumo rocky area and was trapped] (in Spanish). biobiochile.cl. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  178. ^ "Tonga volcano eruption: Air New Zealand postpones repatriation flight due to ash clouds". RNZ. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  179. ^ "In brief: News from around the Pacific". RNZ. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  180. ^ "Stunning skies and a golden orb light up Queensland after Tongan volcano". ABC News. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  181. ^ "Tonga eruption and tsunami: New Zealand officials working to determine what's needed for Pacific Island nation – Jacinda Ardern". Newshub. Reuters. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  182. ^ Ardern, Jacinda (16 January 2022). "Aotearoa New Zealand Stands Ready to Assist the People of Tonga". Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  183. ^ "Tonga eruption: NZ Air Force plane leaves for reconnaissance flight to assess damage". RNZ. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  184. ^ "Tonga eruption: New Zealand sends two ships with supplies". RNZ. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  185. ^ "Third navy ship to depart for Tonga, first relief supplies to arrive today". Radio New Zealand. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  186. ^ "Australia to provide assistance to Tonga following volcanic eruption and tsunami". Minister for Foreign Affairs. Government of Australia. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  187. ^ "Australia and New Zealand send flights to assess damage from Tonga volcano eruption". ABC News. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  188. ^ Defence, Department of (18 January 2022). "ADF supports Australia's response in Tonga". news.defence.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  189. ^ "Australia, New Zealand combine for Tonga disaster response". The Age. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  190. ^ "Tonga calls for 'immediate aid' after volcanic eruption, tsunami". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera Media Network. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  191. ^ "First Death Reported in Tonga Volcano Blast as Nation Remains Cut Off". voanews.com. Voice of America. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  192. ^ Foley, Mike (19 January 2022). "Help on the way after Tongan volcano wipes out houses on outlying islands". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  193. ^ "Global aid effort underway for Tonga's recovery". RNZ. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  194. ^ "Tonga calls for 'immediate aid' after volcanic eruption, tsunami". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  195. ^ "Tonga eruption: Aid agencies look at how best to support Tongans". RNZ. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  196. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 17, 2022". Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Remarks. Embassy of the People's Republic of China to the United States of America. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  197. ^ "China to deliver disaster-relief supplies to Tonga: FM spokesperson". Xinhua News Agency. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  198. ^ "Israel working to provide aid to Tonga after volcanic eruption". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  199. ^ Ting, Choo Yun (18 January 2022). "Singapore Red Cross pledges $50,000 to aid tsunami-hit Tonga and will launch fund-raising appeal". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  200. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (19 January 2022). "Red Cross in Tonga confirms urgent need for safe drinking water". IFRC. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  201. ^ Pratap, Ritika (19 January 2022). "RFMF to assist Tonga through ADF". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  202. ^ Krishant, Naveel (19 January 2022). "Govt to send immediate relief supplies to the Lau Group tomorrow". fijivillage.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  203. ^ Abdel-Baqui, Omar (19 January 2022). "Pita Taufatofua, the Shirtless Tongan Olympian, Raises Hundreds of Thousands of Dollars for Tonga Relief Aid". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  204. ^ "Japan's MSDF vessel departs carrying aid to disaster-stricken Tonga". The Japan Times. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  205. ^ "Japan to provide relief supplies and over ¥114 million to tsunami-hit Tonga". The Japan Times. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

External links

Information

Article 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami in English Wikipedia took following places in local popularity ranking:

About the page

Presented content of the Wikipedia article was extracted in 2022-01-25 based on https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=69781683