Trudeau won a third term as prime minister, his second minority government.[3] Though the Liberals were hoping to win a majority government to govern alone,[4] the results were mostly unchanged from the 2019 Canadian federal election.[5] The Liberals won the most seats at 159[a]; as this falls short of the 170 seats needed for a majority in the House of Commons, they are expected to form a minority government with support from other parties.[6][7] The Liberals set a record for the lowest vote share of a party that would go on to form government, winning 32.6% of the popular vote.[8]
The 2019 Canadian federal election resulted in the Liberals, led by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, losing both their parliamentary majority and the popular vote but nevertheless winning the most seats and remaining in office as a minority government. The Conservatives, who had gained seats and won the popular vote, continued as the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois regained official party status and became the third party, replacing the New Democrats in that role, with the latter party losing seats but maintaining official party status as the fourth party. Although the Greens increased their seats in the House of Commons, they ultimately failed to achieve the required number of MPs (twelve) for official party status, and no other party won any seats.[13][14]
In the immediate aftermath of the 2019 election, all leaders initially announced that they would continue as the heads of their respective parties into the next session of Parliament.[15][16][17]Elizabeth May said that she might not lead the Greens into the 44th election, and ultimately resigned as Green Party leader on November 4, 2019.[18][19] On November 6, 2019, the members of the Conservative caucus decided to not adopt a measure which would have given them the ability to remove Andrew Scheer as leader; his leadership would still have been reviewed at the party's next convention, which was scheduled for April 2020.[20][21] On December 12, Scheer announced his intention to resign as leader.[22] He stayed on until his successor Erin O'Toole was chosen and remains as the MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle.[23][24]
On August 15, 2021, after a request from Prime Minister Trudeau, the governor general dissolved parliament and called an election for September 20.[2] The election was called on the same day as the fall of Kabul. In the first two weeks of the campaign, Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the 2021 Taliban offensive to evacuate Afghans who supported Canada's military and diplomatic efforts during the War in Afghanistan.[25]
Parties and standings
The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2019 federal election, and the standings at dissolution. An expected by-election in Haldimand—Norfolk to fill the vacant seat was rendered moot by the commencement of the general election.
On August 27, 2021, Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister and Liberal Party leader, was forced to cancel a campaign rally set for Bolton, Ontario, over security concerns. There were reports of dozens of protestors yelling obscenities at Trudeau. This was not the first time, as there were previous incidents of protesters showing up at his rallies, with individuals criticizing COVID-19 vaccines and public health measures.[89]
On August 24 2020, Erin O'Toole, a Member of Parliament (MP) and former Minister of Veterans Affairs under former Prime Minister Stephen Harper, defeated three other candidates, notably his main rival, former cabinet ministerPeter MacKay, to become the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. Although he ran on a 'true blue' platform,[91] O'Toole immediately softened his rhetoric and took a more moderate approach after becoming party leader. In March 2021, O'Toole announced a carbon pricing plan to replace the current Liberal carbon tax, despite previous Conservative opposition to any form of a carbon tax. O'Toole's plan included a levy from fuel purchases that would go into a tax-free "low carbon savings account". The plan was to start at $20 per tonne and go to a maximum of $50 per tonne, compared to the Liberals' plan, in which it would start at $40 per tonne and go up to $170 per tonne by 2030.[92]
In September 2021, during the election campaign, O'Toole changed his position on gun control. Reverting from his initial promise of repealing Prime Minister Trudeau's May 2020 ban on assault weapons, he changed his stance on the issue, promising that he would not repeal the ban.[93]
Political commentators and analysts described O'Toole's leadership as shifting the Conservative Party to the political centre.[94]
During the English-language federal leaders' debate on September 9, the moderator, Shachi Kurl, controversially asked Bloc Québécois leader Yves-François Blanchet, "You denied that Quebec has problems with racism yet you defend legislation such as bills 96 and 21, which marginalize religious minorities, anglophones and allophones. Quebec is recognized as a distinct society, but for those outside the province, please help them understand why your party also supports these discriminatory laws." This question prompted Blanchet, to challenge her use of the word "discriminatory". Blanchet's response to Kurl was seen as a turning point in the Bloc's election campaign, as they saw an upsurge in the polls days after the debate.[96]
The Bloc Québécois reportedly had set a campaign target of winning 40 out of the 78 Quebec seats.[97]
Green Party
Then Green Party had experienced a period of infighting, beginning in June 2021, when one of its three MPs, Jenica Atwin, crossed the floor to join the Liberal Party over a dispute regarding the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Although there were calls for the party leader, Annamie Paul, to resign, she stayed on as leader through the federal election. Paul did not start the election with a seat in the House of Commons, and spent the majority of the election campaigning in her chosen riding of Toronto Centre and failed to win the seat.
People's Party
The People's Party of Canada, led by former Conservative cabinet minister Maxime Bernier, enjoyed a surge of support in the polls in August and September, going from as low as 3% to as high as 10%. Some political commentators believe that the sudden increase in support came as a result of large groups of individuals opposing COVID-19 pandemic vaccine passports, as the People's Party is known for its opposition towards COVID-19 lockdowns and vaccine mandates.[98]
In June 2020, the Leaders' Debates Commission released its report reviewing the 2019 election debates and making recommendations for future debates.[109][110] The report recommended a permanent and publicly funded commission be tasked with organizing two debates every future election. It also called for the commission, not the government, to set the criteria for participation in future election debates.[109][110] Below are the scheduled debates:
2021 Canadian general election debates
Date
Organizers
Location
Language
Moderator
P Participant A Absent (invited) I Invited N Not invited
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the campaign period of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Trendlines are 25-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the pre-campaign period of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.
Results
Graph of Canadian national election results, 1993–2021; omitted are minor parties consistently registering less than 2% of the vote as well as those who campaigned intermittently.
Summary results
Elections Canada September 21, 2021, federal election results
Of the 23 seats that changed hands, four were open seats where the MPs chose to retire, and one was where the MP crossed the floor in June and was re-elected under a new banner; the other 18 went down to defeat.
The following candidates were disavowed by their parties and/or voluntarily ceased campaigning after candidate registration closed, remaining on the ballot with their original party affiliation:
Unspecified; probably associating proof-of-vaccination systems with Nazism at election debate[128]
5th
MPs standing under a different political affiliation
Jenica Atwin, who was elected as the Green Party candidate in Fredericton in 2019, switched party affiliation to the Liberal Party in June 2021 and was re-elected as a Liberal. Two MPs elected in 2019 contested the election but left their party affililation blank when they registered; however, both failed to be re-elected.
Cartogram of the 2021 Canadian federal election results using equal-area ridings
Analysis and aftermath
The meagre results of the campaign have left their mark on the electorate. A survey by Maru Public Opinion revealed that 77% of respondents believe that Canada is more divided than ever, and 52% feel that Canada's democratic system is broken.[129]
Parties
Several factors were quickly identified as having had a significant influence on the results. Some political scientists and commentators debated whether the PPC's better performance, compared to the 2019 federal election, contributed to the Conservatives under Erin O'Toole losing to the Liberals. Mainstreet Research CEO Quito Maggi and University of Toronto political science professor Nelson Wiseman posited that the PPC may have cost the Conservatives at least ten ridings.[130][131][132] The votes obtained by PPC candidates were larger than the margin of victory in 21 ridings, where the Conservative candidate was in second place (12 in Ontario, five in BC, two in Alberta, one in Quebec and one in Newfoundland). Of those seats, 14 went to the Liberals, six to the NDP, and one to the Bloc; however, it has been described as not a simple generalization, as a significant amount of PPC support arose from non-Conservative voters.[133]
Unusual vote swings to the Liberals were also noted in ridings with significant Chinese-Canadian populations, with especially large ones arising in Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill and Richmond Centre.[134] This was uncovered early on in the campaign in polling by Mainstreet Research, which observed that they "were not supporting Conservative candidates in the same way they did in the last couple of elections."[134] While some commentators believed that this may have arisen because of the manner the Tories were handling China-Canada issues,[134] others wondered whether the abnormally large changes were due to disinformation activity occurring in the local Chinese-language media.[135][136]
Even before the mail-in ballots were counted, the Liberals were projected as leading in 158 seats despite seeing their vote share fall from 33.1% to 32.3%. Gerald Butts, former principal secretary to Trudeau, praised the result as a "smart campaign" that prioritized "vote efficiency"; this view was criticized as detracting from other essential aspects of an election campaign.[137] Other commentators questioned whether the Liberal vote has reached its effective limit, commenting that minority governments have occurred with greater frequency since the formation of the Conservative Party in 2003.[138]
O'Toole faces a mandatory leadership review at the next Conservative national conference in 2023, and a member of the national council has already called for a petition to accelerate the process.[139] Other Conservatives are urging continued support of O'Toole, and are calling for the party to unify around him.[140] Most party and caucus members appear to favour a post-mortem review along the lines conducted by the party after the 2004 federal election.[141]
The Green Party saw its share of the vote collapse to 2.3%, its lowest level since the 2000 federal election. Internal dissension and poor morale contributed to the decline, and Elizabeth May has called for an inquiry to determine the underlying reasons for it.[142] Paul announced her resignation as party leader on September 27.[143]
Candidates elected
Kevin Vuong, whose candidacy was disavowed by the Liberals after nominations had closed, still won the riding of Spadina-Fort York. Vuong has announced that he would take his seat as an independent upon being sworn in.[144]Adam Vaughan, the previous incumbent, has called on Vuong to resign as his victory was "compromised".[145]
The Conservatives fell 93 votes short of taking Trois-Rivières from the Bloc. They are considering whether to apply for a judicial recount, once the returning officer certifies the results.[146]
^ abIncludes Kevin Vuong, who was on the ballot as a Liberal but was disavowed by the party during the campaign. He is not expected to be seated as a member of the Liberal caucus.
^Annamie Paul lost the by-election in Toronto Centre the previous year and the 2019 general election.
^Includes Kitchener Centre candidate Raj Saini who withdrew, and Spadina—Fort York candidate Kevin Vuong who was removed as a candidate, both after the deadline for candidate registration, and thus remained on the ballot as Liberals.[115][116]
^Includes Kevin Vuong, who was on the ballot as a Liberal and is still counted as a Liberal until sworn in. Vuong has announced that he will sit as an independent when parliament convenes.[117]
^Includes Beaches—East York candidate Lisa Robinson, who was removed as a candidate after the deadline for candidate registration and thus remained on the ballot as a Conservative.[118] The Conservatives did not run a candidate in Dartmouth—Cole Harbour after their nominee withdrew shortly before the registration deadline.[119]
^Includes Toronto—St. Paul's candidate Sidney Coles and Cumberland—Colchester candidate Daniel Osborne, who both withdrew after the deadline for candidate registration and thus remained on the ballot as New Democrats.[120]
^Includes Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke candidate Michael Lariviere, who was removed as a candidate after the deadline for candidate registration and thus remained on the ballot as a Green.[121]
^The Green MP elected in 2019 defected to the Liberals months before the 2021 election.
^Robinson claims the Twitter account was fake and reported to Durham police in 2018 after the tweet was made.
^Zimonjic, Peter (September 15, 2021). "Face to Face 2021: Jagmeet Singh met 4 undecided voters. Here's what happened". CBC News. Retrieved September 26, 2021. NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh is not ruling out working with a minority government led by Erin O'Toole, marking a break with his commitment in the 2019 federal election not to work with a minority Conservative government.