2020 Atlantic hurricane season

2020 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed	May 16, 2020
Last system dissipated	November 18, 2020
Strongest storm
Name	Iota
• Maximum winds	155 mph (250 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
• Lowest pressure	917 mbar (hPa; 27.08 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions	31 (record high, tied with 2005)
Total storms	30 (record high)
Hurricanes	14
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+)	7 (record high, tied with 2005)
Total fatalities	≥ 417 total
Total damage	> $51.081 billion (2020 USD)
Related articles
Timeline of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season 2020 Pacific hurricane season 2020 Pacific typhoon season 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Atlantic hurricane seasons 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active and the fifth costliest Atlantic hurricane season on record. The season also had the highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) since 2017. In addition, it was the fifth consecutive above average season from 2016 onward. The season featured a total of 31 (sub)tropical cyclones, all but one of which became a named storm. Of the 30 named storms, 14 developed into hurricanes, and a record-tying seven further intensified into major hurricanes.^{[nb 1]} It was the second and final season to use the Greek letter storm naming system, the first being 2005. Of the 30 named storms, 11 of them made landfall in the contiguous United States, breaking the record of nine set in 1916. During the season, 27 tropical storms established a new record for the earliest formation by storm number. This season also featured a record 10 tropical cyclones that underwent rapid intensification, tying it with 1995.^[2] This unprecedented activity was fueled by a La Niña that developed in the summer months of 2020. Despite the extreme activity, this was the first season since 2015 in which no Category 5 hurricane formed.

The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30. However, storm formation is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated in 2020 by the early formation of Tropical Storms Arthur and Bertha, on May 16 and 27, respectively. This marked the record sixth consecutive year with a pre-season system. The first hurricane, Hurricane Hanna, made landfall in Texas. Hurricane Isaias formed on July 31, and made landfall in The Bahamas and North Carolina in early August, both times as a Category 1 hurricane; Isaias caused $4.8 billion in damage overall.^{[nb 2]} In late August, Laura made landfall in Louisiana as a Category 4 hurricane, becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record in terms of wind speed to make landfall in the state, alongside the 1856 Last Island hurricane.^[3] Laura caused at least $19 billion in damage and 77 deaths. September was the most active month on record in the Atlantic, with ten named storms. Slow-moving Hurricane Sally impacted the US Gulf Coast, causing severe flooding. The Greek alphabet was used for only the second time, starting with Subtropical Storm Alpha, which made landfall in Portugal. On the last day of October, Hurricane Eta formed and made landfall in Nicaragua at Category 4 strength on November 3.^[4] Eta ultimately led to the deaths of at least 211 people and caused US$7.9 billion in damage. Then, on November 10, Tropical Storm Theta became the record-breaking 29th named storm of the season and, three days later, Hurricane Iota formed in the Caribbean. It rapidly intensified to high-end Category 4, which also made 2020 the only recorded season with two major hurricanes in November.^[5] Iota ultimately made landfall in the same general area of Nicaragua that Eta had just weeks earlier and caused catastrophic damage.

Early in the year, officials in the United States expressed concerns the hurricane season could potentially exacerbate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for U.S. coastal residents.^[6][7] As expressed in an op-ed of the Journal of the American Medical Association, "there exists an inherent incompatibility between strategies for population protection from hurricane hazards: evacuation and sheltering (i.e., transporting and gathering people together in groups)", and "effective approaches to slow the spread of COVID-19: physical distancing and stay-at-home orders (i.e., separating and keeping people apart)."^[8]

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2020 season

Source	Date	Named storms	Hurricanes	Major hurricanes	Ref
Average (1981–2010)		12.1	6.4	2.7	[9]
Record high activity		30	15	7†	[10]
Record low activity		4	2†	0†	[10]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TSR	December 19, 2019	15	7	4	[11]
CSU	April 2, 2020	16	8	4	[12]
TSR	April 7, 2020	16	8	3	[13]
UA	April 13, 2020	19	10	5	[14]
TWC	April 15, 2020	18	9	4	[15]
NCSU	April 17, 2020	18–22	8–11	3–5	[16]
PSU	April 21, 2020	15–24	n/a	n/a	[17]
SMN	May 20, 2020	15–19	7–9	3–4	[18]
UKMO*	May 20, 2020	13*	7*	3*	[19]
NOAA	May 21, 2020	13–19	6–10	3–6	[20]
TSR	May 28, 2020	17	8	3	[21]
CSU	June 4, 2020	19	9	4	[22]
UA	June 12, 2020	17	11	4	[23]
CSU	July 7, 2020	20	9	4	[24]
TSR	July 7, 2020	18	8	4	[25]
TWC	July 16, 2020	20	8	4	[26]
CSU	August 5, 2020	24	12	5	[27]
TSR	August 5, 2020	24	10	4	[28]
NOAA	August 6, 2020	19–25	7–11	3–6	[29]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
	Actual activity	30	14	7
* June–November only † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts, such as Philip J. Klotzbach and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU), and separately by NOAA forecasters. Klotzbach's team (formerly led by William M. Gray) defined the average (1981 to 2010) hurricane season as featuring 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes, 2.7 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir–Simpson scale), and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 106 units.^[12] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h).^[30] NOAA defines a season as above normal, near normal or below normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength, and the ACE Index.^[31]

Pre-season forecasts

On December 19, 2019, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued an extended-range forecast predicting a slightly above-average hurricane season. In its report, the organization called for 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 105 units. This forecast was based on the prediction of near-average trade winds and slightly warmer than normal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) across the tropical Atlantic as well as a neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase in the equatorial Pacific.^[11] On April 2, 2020, forecasters at CSU echoed predictions of an above-average season, forecasting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 150 units. The organization posted significantly heightened probabilities for hurricanes tracking through the Caribbean and hurricanes striking the U.S. coastline.^[12] TSR updated their forecast on April 7, predicting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 130 units.^[13] On April 13, the University of Arizona (UA) predicted a potentially hyperactive hurricane season: 19 named storms, 10 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and accumulated cyclone energy index of 163 units.^[14] A similar prediction of 18 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes was released by The Weather Company on April 15.^[15] Following that, North Carolina State University released a similar forecast on April 17, also calling for a possibly hyperactive season with 18–22 named storms, 8–11 hurricanes and 3–5 major hurricanes.^[16] On April 21 the Pennsylvania State University Earth Science System Center also predicted high numbers, 19.8 +/- total named storms, range 15–24, best estimate 20.^[17]

On May 20, Mexico's Servicio Meteorológico Nacional released their forecast for an above-average season with 15–19 named storms, 7–9 hurricanes, and 3–4 major hurricanes.^[18] The UK Met Office released their outlook that same day, predicting average activity with 13 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes expected to develop between June and November 2020. They also predicted an ACE index of around 110 units.^[19] NOAA issued their forecast on May 21, calling for a 60% chance of an above-normal season with 13–19 named storms, 6–10 hurricanes, 3–6 major hurricanes, and an ACE index between 110% and 190% of the median. They cited the ongoing warm phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and the expectation of continued ENSO-neutral or even La Niña conditions during the peak of the season as factors that would increase activity.^[20] TSR revised their forecast downward slightly on May 28, this time predicting 17 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, while increasing the projected ACE index to 135.^[21]

Mid-season forecasts

CSU released an updated forecast on June 4, calling for 19 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[22] UA issued their second prediction for the season on June 12, decreasing their numbers to 17 named storms, 11 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[23] On July 7, CSU released another updated forecast, predicting 20 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[24] That same day, TSR revised their forecast to 18 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[25] On July 16, The Weather Company released an updated forecast, calling for 20 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[26]

On August 5, CSU released an additional updated forecast, their final for 2020, calling for a near-record-breaking season, predicting a total of 24 named storms, 12 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes, citing the anomalously low wind shear and surface pressures across the basin during the month of July and substantially warmer than average tropical Atlantic and developing La Niña conditions.^[32] On August 5, TSR released an updated forecast, their final for 2020, also calling for a near-record-breaking season, predicting a total of 24 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, citing the favorable July trade winds, low wind shear, warmer than average tropical Atlantic, and the anticipated La Niña.^[33] The following day, NOAA released their second forecast for the season, in which they called for an "extremely active" season, predicting it would contain 19–25 named storms, 7–11 hurricanes, and 3–6 major hurricanes. This was one of the most active forecasts ever released by NOAA for an Atlantic hurricane season.^[29]

Seasonal summary

Pre/early season activity

Tropical / subtropical storm formation records set during the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season
Storm number	Earliest		Next earliest
	Name	Date formed	Name	Date formed
03	Cristobal	June 2, 2020	Colin	June 5, 2016
05	Edouard	July 6, 2020	Emily	July 11, 2005
06	Fay	July 9, 2020	Franklin	July 21, 2005
07	Gonzalo	July 22, 2020	Gert	July 24, 2005
08	Hanna	July 24, 2020	Harvey	August 3, 2005
09	Isaias	July 30, 2020	Irene	August 7, 2005
10	Josephine	August 13, 2020	Jose	August 22, 2005
11	Kyle	August 14, 2020	Katrina	August 24, 2005
12	Laura	August 21, 2020	Luis	August 29, 1995
13	Marco	August 22, 2020	Maria	September 2, 2005
			Lee	September 2, 2011
14	Nana	September 1, 2020	Nate	September 5, 2005
15	Omar	September 1, 2020	Ophelia	September 7, 2005
16	Paulette	September 7, 2020	Philippe	September 17, 2005
17	Rene	September 7, 2020	Rita	September 18, 2005
18	Sally	September 12, 2020	Stan	October 2, 2005
19	Teddy	September 14, 2020	"Azores"	October 4, 2005
20	Vicky	September 14, 2020	Tammy	October 5, 2005
21	Alpha	September 17, 2020	Vince	October 8, 2005
22	Wilfred	September 17, 2020	Wilma	October 17, 2005
23	Beta	September 18, 2020	Alpha	October 22, 2005
24	Gamma	October 2, 2020	Beta	October 27, 2005
25	Delta	October 5, 2020	Gamma	November 15, 2005
26	Epsilon	October 19, 2020	Delta	November 22, 2005
27	Zeta	October 25, 2020	Epsilon	November 29, 2005
28	Eta	November 1, 2020	Zeta	December 30, 2005
29	Theta	November 10, 2020	Earliest formation by virtue of being the first of that number
30	Iota	November 13, 2020
Ref [34]

Tropical cyclogenesis began in the month of May, with tropical storms Arthur and Bertha. This marked the first occurrence of two pre-season tropical storms in the Atlantic since 2016, and the first occurrence of two named storms in the month of May since 2012. Tropical Storm Cristobal formed on June 1, coinciding with the official start of the Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical Storm Dolly also formed in June. Tropical storms Edouard, Fay, and Gonzalo, along with hurricanes Hanna and Isaias, formed in July. Hanna became the first hurricane of the season and struck South Texas, while Isaias became the second hurricane of the season and struck much of the Caribbean and the East Coast of the United States. Tropical Depression Ten also formed in late July off the coast of West Africa but quickly dissipated. July 2020 tied 2005 for the most active July on record in the basin in terms of named systems.^[35][36]

Peak season activity

Tropical storms Josephine and Kyle formed in August, as did hurricanes Laura and Marco. Marco ultimately became the third hurricane of the season, but rapidly weakened and then dissipated near the south central Louisiana coastline. Laura subsequently became the fourth hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, before making landfall in southwest Louisiana at Category 4 strength with 150 mph (240 km/h) winds. Additionally, a tropical depression formed on the final day of the month which intensified into Tropical Storm Omar on September 1.

September featured the formations of nine depressions, which became: tropical storms Rene, Vicky, Wilfred, and Beta; Subtropical Storm Alpha; and hurricanes Nana (which rapidly formed and was named a few hours ahead of Omar),^[37] Paulette, Sally, and Teddy. This swarm of storms coincided with the peak of the hurricane season and the development of La Niña conditions.^[38][39] Paulette struck Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane, becoming the first tropical cyclone to make landfall there since Gonzalo in 2014. Hurricane Sally made landfall near Miami as a tropical depression before causing extensive damage throughout the Southeastern United States also as a Category 2 hurricane. Teddy, the season's eighth hurricane and second major hurricane formed on September 12, while Vicky formed two days later. With the formation of the latter, five tropical cyclones were simultaneously active in the Atlantic basin for the first time since 1995. Meanwhile, Hurricane Teddy went on to strike Atlantic Canada as an extremely large extratropical cyclone on September 23. Additionally, Paulette briefly reformed as a tropical storm before once again becoming post-tropical. Alpha developed atypically far east in the Atlantic and became the first tropical cyclone on record to strike Portugal.^[40] Beta's intensification into a tropical storm made September 2020 the most active month on record with 10 cyclones becoming named.^[41] Beta went on to impact Texas and the Deep South before dissipating, marking an abrupt end to the heavy peak season activity.^[42]

Late season activity

October and November were extremely active, with seven named storms developing, five of which intensified into major hurricanes – more than twice the number recorded during this period in any previous season.^[43] Hurricane Gamma formed on October 2, before strengthening into the ninth hurricane of the season on October 3. Shortly afterward, Gamma made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula as a minimal Category 1 hurricane. On the next day, Hurricane Delta developed in the Caribbean south of Jamaica and became the 10th hurricane of the season. Delta explosively intensified into a strong Category 4 hurricane, before rapidly weakening and making landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula on October 7, as a high-end Category 2 hurricane. It regained Category 3 status in the Gulf of Mexico, before weakening again and making its second landfall in Louisiana on October 9. After 14 more days of inactivity in the basin, Tropical Storm Epsilon formed in mid-October and became the season's 11th hurricane on October 20, making 2020 the 5th Atlantic hurricane season in the satellite era (since 1966) to have at least 10 hurricanes by October 20, in addition to 1969, 1995, 2005, and 2017.^{[44][45][nb 3]} On October 21, Epsilon became a Category 3 hurricane, making it the fourth major hurricane of the season. Afterward, the storm weakened as it wandered northward and then northeastward, before becoming extratropical on October 26. During the same month, Hurricane Zeta formed southwest of the Cayman Islands and took a nearly identical track to Delta, striking the Yucatán Peninsula late on October 26, before turning northeastward, accelerating, and making landfall in southeast Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane, on October 28. The system moved rapidly across the Eastern United States, before bringing heavy accumulating snow just two days later to parts of New England, before moving back over the Atlantic and racing off towards the northeast.

List of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons

Rank	Cost	Season
1	≥ $294.703 billion	2017
2	$172.297 billion	2005
3	$72.341 billion	2012
4	$61.148 billion	2004
5	≥ $51.146 billion	2020
6	≥ $50.126 billion	2018
7	≥ $48.855 billion	2008
8	$27.302 billion	1992
9	≥ $17.485 billion	2016
10	$17.39 billion	2011

Hurricane Eta, the season's sixth major hurricane, made landfall as a Category 4 storm on November 3, along the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua.^[49] Eta subsequently moved back into the Caribbean and restrengthened into a tropical storm before taking a winding and erratic path that went over Cuba and through the Florida Keys before stalling in the southern Gulf of Mexico. It then moved north-northeast towards the west coast of Florida, briefly restrengthening into a minimal hurricane along the way. On November 10, Subtropical Storm Theta formed from a non-tropical low over the northeastern Atlantic, before transitioning to a tropical storm later that day. Just after Eta became extratropical off the U.S. East Coast, Hurricane Iota formed over the central Caribbean on November 13, tying 2005 for the most tropical and subtropical cyclones in one year. Iota rapidly intensified into a high-end Category 4 hurricane, becoming the strongest storm of the season. It then went on to ravage the same areas in Central America that Eta had devastated only two weeks earlier, and dissipated on November 18, over El Salvador.^[50]

The 2020 season featured activity at a record pace. The season's third named storm and each one from the fifth onwards formed on an earlier date in the year than the corresponding storm in any other season since reliable records began in 1851. The ACE index for the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was about 180 units, reflecting the season's well-above-average activity.^[51] The totals represent the sum of the squares for every (sub) tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h), divided by 10,000.

Systems

Tropical Storm Arthur

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	May 16 – May 19
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  990 mbar (hPa)

The NHC issued a Special Tropical Weather Outlook on May 15 concerning the potential for tropical or subtropical development of a trough of low pressure located over the Straits of Florida.^[52] Tropical Depression One formed from this low around 18:00 UTC on May 16, about 125 mi (200 km) east of Melbourne, Florida. Six hours later, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft found that it had attained tropical storm strength. Tropical Storm Arthur weaved along the Gulf Stream and changed little in intensity as it encountered increasing wind shear. At 06:00 UTC on May 19, while located about 190 mi (305 km) east-northeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the storm reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar (29.23 inHg). Shortly thereafter, Arthur interacted with a non-tropical front and became an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on May 20. The low turned southeast before dissipating near Bermuda a day later.^[53]

The precursor of Arthur dropped heavy rainfall over portions of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Florida. Up to 9.95 in (253 mm) of precipitation was observed near Marathon, Florida.^[53] Overall, stormy conditions in the state caused $112,000 in damage.^[54] After Arthur became a tropical cyclone, tropical storm watches were issued in North Carolina from Surf City to Duck and from Pamlico Sound to Albemarle Sound on May 16; these were upgraded the following to tropical storm warnings as Arthur moved nearer to the Outer Banks. When Arthur passed by to the east, it produced a swath of 3–5 in (76–127 mm) of rainfall across the Inner Banks region of North Carolina. It also created minor storm surge from Cape Hatteras to the southeastern Virginia coast.^[53]

Tropical Storm Bertha

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	May 27 – May 28
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1005 mbar (hPa)

On May 26, a weak low-pressure area developed over central and northeastern Florida. By 06:00 UTC the next day, the system, then near the Georgia and South Carolina coasts, developed a well-defined center and sufficient deep convection to be considered a tropical cyclone. After formation, Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened slightly and attained its peak intensity a few hours later, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a central pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.68 inHg) while located about 35 mi (55 km) east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. At 13:30 UTC that same day, the storm made landfall near Isle of Palms, South Carolina. Inland, the system turned north and accelerated, before quickly weakening to a tropical depression. During the early hours of May 28, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over western Virginia, before dissipating over the Ohio River valley several hours later.^[55]

In Florida, the precursor of Bertha brought up to 15 in (380 mm) of rainfall and localized flooding to the Miami area.^[55][56] However, floodwaters entered some buildings in Hialeah and Miami Beach,^[57] while roof collapses were reported in Hallandale Beach and Hollywood.^[56] The storm also spawned an EF1 tornado in the vicinity of Redland, causing minor damage.^[58] Damage in Florida totaled approximately $71,000. There was localized flash flooding in coastal South Carolina^[55] and in parts of North Carolina, especially the Charlotte area. An EF1 tornado in Warren County caused about $50,000 in damage. Additionally, the remnants of Bertha caused flash flooding in portions of West Virginia.^[59] Overall, Bertha left at least $133,000 in damage.^[60][61] There were no casualties associated with Bertha,^[55] though one person was reported to have drowned at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina several hours after the storm had passed by.^[62]

Tropical Storm Cristobal

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 1 – June 9
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  988 mbar (hPa)

A large area of disturbed weather, associated with the remnant low of Eastern Pacific Tropical Storm Amanda, moved northwestward across the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and emerged over the Bay of Campeche on June 1. Later that day, at 18:00 UTC, the remnant low developed into Tropical Depression Three. By 12:00 UTC on June 2, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal.^{[nb 4]} Throughout the remainder of the day, Cristobal's wind field became more symmetrical and well defined and it gradually strengthened, with falling barometric pressure as the storm meandered towards the Mexican coastline. Cristobal made landfall as a strong tropical storm just west of Ciudad del Carmen at 13:35 UTC on June 3 at its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h). As Cristobal drifted inland, it weakened to a tropical depression as the overall structure of the storm deteriorated. The storm turned northward on June 5 and by 06:00 UTC that day, despite being situated inland over the Yucatán Peninsula, Cristobal re-intensified into a tropical storm. As Cristobal moved farther north into the Gulf of Mexico, it again reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before dry air and interaction with an upper-level trough to the east began to displace most of the central convection to the east and north of the center. Late on June 7, Cristobal made landfall over southeastern Louisiana. The system weakened to a tropical depression on the next day, as it moved inland over the state. The storm continued northward along Mississippi River Valley before becoming an extratropical low at 00:00 UTC on June 10 over Iowa. The low then moved northeastward across Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Northern Ontario. before dissipating on June 12.^[63]

On June 1, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Campeche westward to Puerto de Veracruz.^[63] Residents at risk were evacuated. Nine thousand Mexican National Guard members were summoned to aid in preparations and repairs.^[64] Significant rain fell across much of Southern Mexico and Central America.^[64] Over two-hundred homes and three hospitals in Mexico experienced some degree of damage.^[63] Wave heights up to 9.8 ft (3 m) high closed ports for several days. In El Salvador, a mudslide caused seven people to go missing. Up to 9.6 in (243 mm) of rain fell in the Yucatán Peninsula, flooding sections of a highway. Street flooding occurred as far away as Nicaragua.^[64] Tropical storm watches and warnings were also issued along the Gulf Coast of the United States beginning on June 5. Coastal flooding occurred in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Cristobal inflicted damage to 30 businesses, 23 homes, 23 roads, and 13 public buildings in Mississippi. Damage in the United States was estimated at $310 million.^[63] The storm caused an estimated $665 million in damage throughout all impacted areas.^[65] At least six deaths can be attributed to Cristobal, with three in Mexico and three in the United States.^[63]

Tropical Storm Dolly

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 22 – June 24
Peak intensity	45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

Around June 17, an area of disturbed weather developed just north of the Bahamas after part of a tropical wave and an upper-level trough interacted. The disturbance moved north and organized into a low-pressure area early on June 22. Shortly thereafter, the low became a subtropical depression about 405 mi (650 km) east-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Mid-level dry air and sea surface temperatures that were only marginally favorable resulted in very little strengthening on June 22. However, after moving east-northeastward and away from an upper low, the cyclone developed more deep convection and intensified into Subtropical Storm Dolly by 06:00 UTC on June 23. About six hours later, Dolly transitioned into a tropical cyclone and peaked with sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). However, convection rapidly diminished after Dolly moved north of the Gulf Stream and encountered drier air. Early on June 24, Dolly degenerated into a remnant low about 200 mi (320 km) south of Sable Island. The remnant low continued northeastward and dissipated south of Newfoundland early the next day.^[66]

Tropical Storm Edouard

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	July 4 – July 6
Peak intensity	45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1005 mbar (hPa)

A weak frontal system moved offshore the Mid-Atlantic in early July, and an area of low pressure formed over its southern portion well to the east of the northeast Florida coast on July 3. This system soon organized as its convection gradually increased and by 12:00 UTC on July 4, the system organized into Tropical Depression Five while centered about 290 mi (465 km) west-southwest of Bermuda. The system gradually drifted first east-northeastward then northeastward on the north side of a large mid-level ridge. Westerly vertical wind shear and dry air in the northwestern portion of the depression caused it to change little in strength or organization as the storm accelerated and passed about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Bermuda around 08:00 UTC on July 5. Despite the marginal conditions for development, a large convective burst formed over the center, allowing it to strengthen into Tropical Storm Edouard at 00:00 UTC on July 6. Edouard further intensified later that day, attaining maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar (29.68 inHg) around 18:00 UTC.^[67] By then, however, it was entering region of strong southwesterly vertical wind shear and colder water, and was approaching a frontal system.^[68] Edouard became extratropical just six hours later as its circulation merged with the frontal system about 490 mi (790 km) east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, at 00:00 UTC on July 7. The extratropical low began to slowly weaken on July 8, turning eastward and continuing to move rapidly within the strong mid-latitude westerlies. It crossed southern Ireland and the southern United Kingdom on July 9 and dissipated over the latter country that day.^[67]

The Bermuda Weather Service issued a gale warning for the entirety of the island chain in advance of the system on July 4.^[69] Unsettled weather later ensued, and the depression caused tropical storm-force wind gusts and moderate rainfall on the island early on July 5. Impacts were relatively minor.^[69][70] Edouard's extratropical remnants brought brief, but heavy, rain to the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, southern Denmark and north-west Poland.^[71][72]

Tropical Storm Fay

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	July 9 – July 11
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began to track an area of disorganized cloudiness and showers over the far northern Gulf of Mexico early on July 5.^[73] This area was associated with the remaining section of the surface trough from which Edouard had recently formed. The disturbance moved inland over the Florida Panhandle by 06:00 UTC the next day. It subsequently emerged off of the South Carolina coast into the Atlantic on July 8. Once offshore, the low moved northeastward, and around 18:00 UTC on July 9, the center re-formed and became better defined near an area of strong convection. At about the same, an Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft observed that the system, then near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, was producing sustained tropical-storm-force winds. With these developments, the low was then designated as Tropical Storm Fay. After formation, the storm moved northward to the east of the Mid-Atlantic states. At 18:00 UTC on July 10, it reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 998 mbar (29. 47 inHg). Two hours later, Fay made landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey, with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). It quickly lost intensity inland, degenerating into a remnant low while over southeastern New York and later being absorbed into a larger mid-latitude low over southeastern Canada.^[74]

Fay's precursor brought flooding to parts of the southeastern United States, especially South Carolina, which recorded up to 12.96 in (329 mm) of precipitation near Saint Helena Island. Tropical storm warnings were issued for coastal areas of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island on July 9. A similar warning was issued for coastal Delaware on July 10.^[74] New Jersey experienced some of the worst impacts from the storm. Heavy rainfall caused flooding in several Jersey Shore towns and resulted in closures along many roadways, including the New Jersey Turnpike.^[75] Wind gusts up to 54 mph (87 km/h) left at least 10,000 people in the state lost electricity.^[74][76] Fay directly caused the deaths of two people, who drowned due to rip currents; four others drowned due to the residual high surf conditions after Fay had passed by.^[74] Overall, damage from the storm in northeastern United States totaled at least $350 million, based on wind and storm surge damage on residential, commercial, and industrial properties.^[65]

Tropical Storm Gonzalo

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	July 21 – July 25
Peak intensity	65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  997 mbar (hPa)

A dry, thermal low-pressure area merged with a tropical wave just offshore the west coast of Africa on July 15. scatterometer data early on July 21 indicated that a small, but well-defined low-pressure area formed well east of the Lesser Antilles. After a steady increase in deep convection, the low developed into a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC about 1,440 mi (2,315 km) east of the Windward Islands. Light wind shear and sea surface temperatures of 82 °F (28 °C) allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Gonzalo around 06:00 UTC on July 22. Gonzalo moved generally westward due to the Bermuda-Azores high-pressure. The storm continued to strengthen throughout the day, with an eyewall under a central dense overcast and hints of a developing eye becoming evident. Gonzalo soon reached peak intensity, however, with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 997 mbar (29.4 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on July 23, as very dry air from Saharan Air Layer to its north significantly disrupted the central dense overcast. Although convection quickly redeveloped, the storm then encountered high wind shear, causing the cyclone to weaken. It weakened to a tropical depression before landfall on Trinidad just north of Manzanilla Beach. Likely due to land interaction, Gonzalo weakened further and degenerated into an open trough near Venezuela's Paria Peninsula by 00:00 UTC on July 26.^[77]

Although the system moved westward across the Cabo Verde Islands, little rainfall was recorded as the disturbance had a limited amount of convection then. On July 23, hurricane watches were issued for Barbados and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and a tropical storm watch was issued later that day for Grenada and Tobago. After Gonzalo failed to strengthen into a hurricane on July 24, the hurricane and tropical storm watches were replaced with tropical storm warnings. The storm brought squally weather to Trinidad and Tobago and parts of southern Grenada.^[77] However, the storm's impact ended up being significantly smaller than originally anticipated.^[78] Only two reports of wind damage were received: a fallen tree on a health facility in Les Coteaux and a damaged bus stop roof in Argyle.^[77]

Hurricane Hanna

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	July 23 – July 26
Peak intensity	90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min)  973 mbar (hPa)

On July 11, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. Dry air caused the system to be mostly devoid of convection by the time it reached the Lesser Antilles on July 17. Thereafter, unfavorable upper-level winds prevented the wave from developing significantly, as it crossed the Bahamas and Florida on July 20 and July 21. After the wave reached the Gulf of Mexico, upper-level winds became more favorable. The system acquired a well-defined circulation, and a tropical depression formed at 00:00 UTC on July 23 about 235 mi (380 km) south-southeast of Port Eads, Louisiana. Light to moderate wind shear and warm seas but mid-level dry air caused the depression to strengthen slowly, becoming Tropical Storm Hanna about 24 hours after forming as it moved west-northwest. Later on July 24, Hanna began intensifying slightly faster as convective banding increased and an eye feature developed. That same day, the cyclone also curved westward due to a strengthening deep-layer ridge to the north. Hanna reached hurricane intensity at 12:00 UTC on July 25. The storm then curved west-southwestward and peaked with sustained winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 973 mbar (28.7 inHg). Hanna made landfall on Padre Island, Texas, at the same intensity at 22:00 UTC on July 25, one hour and fifteen minutes before making landfall in Kenedy County. The system rapidly weakened after moving inland, dropping to tropical depression status at 18:00 UTC on July 26 near Monterrey, Nuevo León, and then dissipating shortly thereafter.^[79]

The precursor disturbance to Hanna dropped heavy rain to parts of Hispaniola, the Florida Keys, and Cuba. In Walton County, Florida, a 33-year-old man drowned in rip currents while rescuing his son. In portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle, the outer bands of Hanna brought heavy rainfall,^[79] even threatening street flooding in New Orleans.^[80] Immediately after the system was classified as a tropical depression, tropical storm watches were issued for much of the Texas shoreline. At 21:00 UTC on July 24, a hurricane warning was issued from Baffin Bay to Mesquite Bay, Texas, due to Hanna being forecast to become a hurricane before landfall.^[79] As the hurricane approached landfall, local officials underscored the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic when warning residents living in flood-prone neighborhoods about the prospect of evacuation. Texas governor Greg Abbott announced the deployment of 17 COVID-19 mobile testing teams focused on shelters and 100 medical personnel provided by the Texas National Guard.^[81] Hanna brought storm surge flooding, destructive winds, torrential rainfall, flash flooding and isolated tornadoes across South Texas and Northeastern Mexico. In the former, the storm destroyed several mobile homes and deroofed many poorly-built structures. About 200,000 homes in Cameron and Hidalgo counties combined suffered power outages. Floodwaters entered dozens of building in low-lying areas. In the United States, Hanna indirectly caused five deaths and caused about $1.1 billion in damage. In Mexico, heavy precipitation fell in Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. More than 250 homes in Coahuila were inundated, while at least 45 neighborhoods in Reynosa reported flood damage. The cyclone directly caused four deaths in Mexico and caused approximately $100 million in damage.^[79]

Hurricane Isaias

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	July 30 – August 4
Peak intensity	90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min)  986 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 24. The wave gradually organized and became better defined, developing a broad area of low pressure on the following day.^[82] Due to the threat the system posed as it formed to the countries and territories in the eastern Caribbean, the NHC initiated advisories on the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine at 15:00 UTC on July 28.^[83] By the next day, the disturbance was producing heavy rains and gale-force winds. Scatterometer passes by early on July 30, indicated that the system had developed a sufficiently well-defined center and it is estimated that it became Tropical Storm Isaias by 00:00 UTC that day about 140 mi (225 km) south of Ponce, Puerto Rico. It made its first landfall 16 later near San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic. Isaias strengthened into a hurricane around 00:00 UTC July 31, shortly after emerging over the Atlantic Ocean while its eye was located just offshore of the northern coast of Hispaniola. Nine hours later, it made landfall on Great Inagua Island, Bahamas.^[82]

The storm fluctuated in intensity afterwards, due to strong wind shear and dry air, with the storm reaching its initial peak intensity later on July 31, with sustained winds reaching 85 mph (137 km/h). At 15:00 UTC on August 1, Isaias made landfall on North Andros with winds around 80 mph (130 km/h), and the system weakened to a tropical storm at 21:00 UTC. It then turned north-northwest, paralleling the east coast of Florida and Georgia while fluctuating between 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) wind speeds. As the storm accelerated northeastward and approached the Carolina coastline, wind shear relaxed, allowing the storm to quickly intensify back into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on August 3. At 03:10 UTC the next day, Isaias made landfall in Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina, at peak intensity with sustained winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) and a central pressure falling to 986 mbar (29.1 inHg). Following landfall, Isaias accelerated and only weakened slowly, dropping below hurricane status at 07:00 UTC over North Carolina. The storm passed over the Mid-Atlantic states before transitioning to an extratropical low around 00:00 UTC on August 5 while situated over central Vermont, and dissipated several hours later over Quebec.^[82]

Numerous tropical storm watches warnings as well as hurricane watches and hurricane warnings were issued for the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Cuba, and the entire East Coast of the United States. Isaias caused devastating flooding and wind damage in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Several towns were left without electricity and drinking water in Puerto Rico.^[82] In the United States, Isaias triggered a large tornado outbreak that prompted the issuance of 109 tornado warnings across 12 states.^[84][85][86] A total of 39 tornadoes touched down, the strongest being an EF3 tornado that struck a mobile home park near Windsor, North Carolina, on August 4.^[82] Impact was mostly minor in Florida and Georgia. Storm surge in South Carolina left significant impacts in Horry County, with 483 homes damaged in Myrtle Beach alone. Strong winds, storm surge, and many tornadoes left significant damage in the northeastern United States. Almost 3 million people were without electricity at the height of the storm, including over 1 million people in New Jersey alone. Isaias caused 17 deaths across the Greater Antilles and eastern United States: 14 in the continental United States, 2 in the Dominican Republic, and 1 in Puerto Rico. Damage estimates exceeded $4.8 billion, with almost $3.5 billion of which occurring in the northeastern United States, making Isaias the costliest tropical cyclone to strike the region since Hurricane Sandy in 2012.^[82]

Tropical Depression Ten

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration	July 31 – August 1
Peak intensity	35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1008 mbar (hPa)

On July 28, a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa. Slow-moving, the system soon developed a defined low on July 29 as it turned north along the east side of an upper-level low. Associated convection became sufficiently organized for the system to be classified as a tropical depression the following day; at this time the cyclone was located about 230 mi (370 km) east-southeast of the easternmost Cabo Verde Islands. The system reached its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of 1008 mbar (29.77 inHg) around 00:00 UTC on August 1. Scatterometer data revealed conflicting data, with tropical storm-force winds noted in one pass within the deepest convection to the southwest of the storm's center where the weakest winds are typically found. A near-concurrent pass from another satellite showed lower winds and the higher winds were determined to be rain-inflated, and given the conflicting data the NHC determined the system to have not become a tropical storm. Thereafter, a combination of decreasing sea surface temperatures and dry air caused convection to dissipate. The depression turned west-northwest and degraded into a remnant low later that day. It soon dissipated on August 2 north of the Cabo Verde Islands.^[87]

Tropical Storm Josephine

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 11 – August 16
Peak intensity	45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1004 mbar (hPa)

On August 7, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over the tropical Atlantic. Shower and thunderstorm activity on the wave axis increased as it moved westward at 17–23 mph (27–37 km/h) and a mid-level circulation formed on August 9, although the low-level circulation remained elongated and poorly-organized. The wave's circulation then became defined and a low-pressure system with disorganized convection formed late on August 10. A burst of convection near the center followed by some subsequent organization allowed the system to be designated Tropical Depression Eleven at 06:00 UTC on August 11 about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. However, the depression's ability to intensify was initially hindered by dry mid-level air and moderate easterly wind shear. After over two days with little change in intensity, the shear relaxed some, allowing convection to begin to form closer to the estimated center of the depression. This allowed it to strengthen into Tropical Storm Josephine at 12:00 UTC on August 13, reaching an initial peak intensity of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg). Josephine's intensity began to fluctuate on August 14, as wind-shear affected the system, causing convection to be displaced from the circulation. Hurricane Hunter aircraft investigated the system later that day and found that the storm's center had relocated further north in the afternoon hours and Josephine reached its maximum intensity of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.6 inHg) at 18:00 UTC. Nonetheless, Josephine headed into increasingly hostile conditions as it began to pass north of the Leeward Islands. As a result, the storm later weakened, becoming a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on August 16, just north of the Virgin Islands. The weakening cyclone's circulation became increasingly ill-defined, and Josephine eventually weakened into a trough of low pressure 12 hours later.^[88]

Tropical Storm Kyle

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 14 – August 15
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

A mesoscale convective system moved offshore South Carolina and Georgia early on August 11. The convective activity weakened that day, but a small mid-level circulation formed from the system and it re-developed some thunderstorm activity that night while it moved slowly northeastward off the coast of South Carolina. This activity generated the development of a weak low-level circulation that moved near the coast of southern North Carolina late on August 12. The system became better organized the next day, although it lacked a well-defined center and banding features. The low then moved offshore of the Outer Banks early on August 14,^[89] and deep convection increased as most of the circulation was over the warm water temperatures in the Atlantic.^[90] The low became better defined overnight as a result of the convection, and became Tropical Storm Kyle around 12:00 UTC on August 14, about 105 mi (170 km) east-northeast of Duck, North Carolina. The storm then moved quickly east-northeastward along the Gulf Stream due to the flow between a broad mid-level trough over the Northeastern United States and the western Atlantic subtropical ridge. Despite moderate-to-strong wind shear, Kyle strengthened on August 15, reaching its peak intensity around 12:00 UTC with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure at 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg) about 230 mi (370 km) southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The storm began to weaken afterward due to increasing shear and interaction with a stationary front; its circulation began to become elongated as a result. Kyle became an extratropical cyclone when it embedded itself within the front at 00:00 UTC August 16. Its center dissipated and the remnants were absorbed into the front shortly thereafter.^[89] Several days later, extratropical European windstorm Ellen, which contained remnants of Tropical Storm Kyle, brought hurricane-force winds to the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.^[91][92]

Hurricane Laura

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 20 – August 29
Peak intensity	150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min)  937 mbar (hPa)

On August 16, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic. The wave combined with a broad area of low pressure located a few hundred miles west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands on August 18. Deep convection steadily increased and became better organized as the disturbance moved across the central tropical Atlantic, and by 00:00 UTC on August 20, the presence of a sufficiently well-defined low-level circulation indicated that Tropical Depression Thirteen developed about 980 mi (1,575 km) east-southeast of Antigua. By 12:00 UTC that same day, the cyclone organized further and strengthened into Tropical Storm Laura. However, moderate wind shear then prohibited further intensification.^[93] The storm had a disorganized appearance in satellite imagery as it crossed the northern Leeward islands on August 21. It then became organized on August 22, while passing just south of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.^[94] Early on August 23, Laura made landfall about 25 mi (40 km) west of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). The storm weakened little as it moved across the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola. Laura made landfall near Uvero in Cuba's Santiago de Cuba Province with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) at 02:00 UTC on August 4, before re-emerging into the Caribbean and striking near Playa de las Tunas in Pinar del Río Province at the same intensity about 22 hours later.^[93]

Laura entered the Gulf of Mexico later on August 25, where it became a hurricane around 12:00 UTC that day. Later, while situated over the central Gulf, Laura began a period of rapid intensification, and by 12:00 UTC on August 26, the storm became a major Category 3 hurricane. A mid-level low near Oklahoma caused the system to turn northwestward and then northward, and over the 24-hour period ending at 00:00 UTC on August 27, it intensified by about 65 mph (105 km/h), to Category 4 strength. At that time, Laura reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and minimum pressure 937 mbar (27.67 inHg) while located less than 90 mi (140 km) south of Creole, Louisiana. Laura's pressure then rose slightly to 939 mbar (27.72 inHg), but the storm maintained its peak winds as it made its final landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, at 06:00 UTC.^[93] The hurricane became the strongest Louisiana-landfalling tropical cyclone in terms of wind speed since the 1856 Last Island hurricane.^[3] Laura steadily weakened after moving inland, dropping to tropical storm strength around 18:00 UTC over northern Louisiana and then to a tropical depression over Arkansas early on August 28. The deteriorating system then turned northeastward and degenerated into a remnant low over northern Kentucky by 06:00 UTC on August 29. The remnant low was absorbed by another low centered near the Great Lakes region six hours later.^[93]

As Laura passed through the Northern Leeward Islands, it brought heavy rainfall to the islands of the countries Guadeloupe and Dominica,^[95] and prompted the closing of all ports in the British Virgin Islands.^[96] The storm produced heavy downpours upon Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.^[97] The storm left extensive damage in Louisiana, especially in the southwest region of the state. Storm surge penetrated up to nearly 35 mi (55 km) inland, while Creole and Grand Chenier were inundated with coastal floodwaters ranging from 12 to 18 ft (3.7 to 5.5 m) above ground, sweeping away structures in Cameron Parish. Wind gusts reached up to 153 mph (246 km/h) at Holly Beach, resulting in catastrophic wind damage in Calcasieu and Cameron parishes. Outside of the two parishes, Beauregard and Vernon parishes were next hardest hit, with the core of the storm passing directly over. Several other parishes reported damage to homes and buildings due to strong winds or falling trees.^[93] Laura destroyed approximately 10,000 homes and damaged over 130,000 others in the state.^[98] Damage in Louisiana alone totaled about $17.5 billion. Texas was second hardest hit by the storm, with high winds downing many power lines, power poles, and trees in the eastern part of the state, while some counties reported damage to businesses and homes. Laura produced 16 tornadoes in the United States, the most significant of them being an EF2 tornado in Randolph County, Arkansas. Altogether, there were 81 storm related deaths. Of these, 47 were direct deaths associated with Laura, including 31 in Haiti, 9 in the Dominican Republic, and 7 in the United States. There were also 34 indirect deaths, all of them in the United States.^[93]

Hurricane Marco

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 21 – August 25
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min)  991 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began to track a tropical wave located over the central tropical Atlantic on August 16.^[99] The showers and thunderstorms within the wave became more concentrated when it moved over the central Caribbean on August 19.^[100] By 06:00 UTC on August 21, there was a closed circulation and sufficient organized convection for the wave to be designated as Tropical Depression Fourteen. The system turned toward the northwest a few hours after its formation, which later kept its center just offshore of the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras. Intensification began later that day, and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Marco around 00:00 UTC on August 22, as it moved over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. This strengthening trend continued, with Marco's sustained winds reaching 65 mph (105 km/h) late that day as the center moved through the Yucatán Channel, and then reaching hurricane strength at 12:00 UTC on August 23, over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and minimum pressure of 991 mbar (29.26 inHg). This would be Marco's peak intensity, as strong southwesterly wind shear caused the system to weaken to tropical storm strength by 00:00 UTC on August 24, while the center was about 265 mi (425 km) south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The storm made a westward turn as it neared the Louisiana coast later that day. It then weakened to a depression shortly after 00:00 UTC on August 25, and degenerated to a remnant low a few hours later, without making landfall.^[101]

Marco was indirectly responsible for the death of one person in Chiapas, Mexico.^[102]

Tropical Storm Omar

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 31 – September 5
Peak intensity	40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min)  1003 mbar (hPa)

A vigorous mid to upper-level shortwave trough moved into the Southeastern United States on August 29. The shortwave trough then interacted with the remnants of a frontal system, resulting in the formation of a low-pressure area offshore northeast Florida on August 30. Drifting over the Gulf Stream, the low quickly organized into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on August 31 while situated about 150 mi (240 km) south-southeast of Wilmington, North Carolina. Dry air and vertical wind shear offset the warm sea surface temperatures as the system headed northeastward. However, following a burst in deep convection, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Omar around 12:00 UTC on September 1. The storm then peaked with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg). An increase in wind shear kept Omar weak. Consequently, the storm struggled to maintain deep convection as it moved eastward and weakened to a tropical depression early on September 3. Omar decelerated due to a weak steering flow, turning northward on September 5, due to a southerly flow associated with a deep-layer trough. Although the cyclone experienced periodic bursts of convection, strong wind shear eventually caused the storm to degenerate into a remnant low about 575 mi (925 km) northeast of Bermuda late on September 5. The low moved generally northward before being absorbed by a frontal system on the following day.^[103]

Hurricane Nana

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 1 – September 3
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min)  994 mbar (hPa)

On August 27, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave moving quickly westward over the tropical Atlantic.^[104] During the next few days, the system gradually produced a noticeable growth in deep convection. The convection became concentrated near the system's mid-level circulation center late on August 30, and by 06:00 UTC the following day, the system acquired a closed surface circulation and sufficiently organized deep convection to be classified as a tropical cyclone. Already producing tropical-storm-force winds, the cyclone was a tropical storm at the time of formation, while located about 180 mi (290 km) southeast of Kingston, Jamaica.^{[nb 5][105]} Operationally, the cyclone was designated as Tropical Storm Nana at 16:00 UTC that day, after a hurricane hunter aircraft investigating the storm observed its well-defined low-level circulation.^[107] By 18:00 UTC that same day, the storm strengthened some, attaining sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), before moderate northerly shear halted the trend and partially exposed the center of circulation; even so, its pressure continued to drop. After the shear abated slightly late on September 2, Nana redeveloped convection over its center and quickly intensified into a hurricane at 03:00 UTC on September 3, near the coast of Belize and simultaneously reached its peak intensity with sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 994 mbar (29.36 inHg). At 06:00 UTC, the hurricane made landfall with estimated maximum winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) near Sittee Point, about 50 mi (80 km) south of Belize City.^[105] Nana quickly weakened inland, becoming a tropical storm by 09:00 UTC,^[108] and then a tropical depression about nine hours later near the Guatemala–Mexico border. It degenerated into a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on September 4, and dissipated shortly thereafter. The mid-level remnants of the system emerged over the Gulf of Tehuantepec where they regenerated into Tropical Storm Julio in the eastern Pacific on September 5.^[105]

Nana caused street flooding in the Bay Islands of Honduras.^[109] Hundreds of acres of banana and plantation crops were destroyed in Belize, where a peak wind speed of 61 mph (98 km/h) was reported at a weather station in Carrie Bow Cay.^[110] Total economic losses in Belize exceeded $20 million. Heavy amounts of precipitation also occurred in northern Guatemala.^[111]

Hurricane Paulette

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 7 – September 22
Peak intensity	105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min)  965 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began to track a tropical wave located over Africa on August 30.^[112] The wave became better organized over the eastern Atlantic and formed an area of low pressure on September 6, as it moved generally westward. Tropical Depression Seventeen formed from this low around 00:00 UTC roughly 1,150 mi (1,850 km) west of the Cabo Verde Islands. By 12:00 UTC that day it had grown in intensity, becoming Tropical Storm Paulette about 1,380 mi (2,220 km) east of the northern Leeward Islands. The storm moved generally west-northwestward over the central tropical Atlantic as it gradually intensified. At 12:00 UTC on September 9, Paulette reached an initial peak intensity with sustained winds of 60 mph (90 km/h), which lasted for about 12 hours, when an increase in wind shear weakened the storm. On September 11, despite a very harsh environment, Paulette began to re-intensify. The shear later began to lessen, allowing Paulette to become more organized and begin to form an eye, becoming a hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 13, about 415 mi (670 km) southeast of Tucker's Town, Bermuda. Dry air entrainment gave the storm a somewhat ragged appearance, but it continued to slowly strengthen as it approached Bermuda with its eye clearing out and its convection becoming more symmetric. Paulette then made a sharp turn to the north and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane as it made landfall in northeastern Bermuda at 08:50 UTC on September 14 with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm continued to strengthen after moving over Bermuda, reaching its peak intensity later that day, with maximum winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.50 inHg). Then, on September 15, as the hurricane accelerated northeastward, it began an extratropical transition, which it completed the next day.^[113]

After gradually weakening over the following few days and slowly curving southward, the extratropical cyclone began to redevelop a warm core as the convection associated with the low gradually increased in coverage and organization, and by 18:00 UTC on September 20, the system reorganized into a tropical storm about 230 mi (370 km) south-southwest of the Azores. Then, at 00:00 UTC on September 22, Paulette reaches a secondary peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h).^[113] It moved eastward over the next day, and became post-tropical for the second and final time on September 23,^[114] and subsequently dissipated.^[113]

Trees and power lines were downed throughout Bermuda as Paulette passed over, leading to an island-wide power outage.^[115] There were two direct deaths and one injury associated with Paulette, each of which occurred due to rip currents along the Atlantic coast of the United States.^[113]

Tropical Storm Rene

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 7 – September 14
Peak intensity	45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1001 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off of the coast of Africa over the Atlantic Ocean on September 6. A well-defined low-pressure area already existed, though convection initially remained limited. An area of deep convection formed over the center of the low by 06:00 UTC on September 7, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Eighteen approximately 200 mi (320 km) east of the easternmost islands of Cabo Verde. Convection consolidated and organized further, with banding developing later that day, while the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Rene about 12 hours later. Moving west-northwestward for much of its duration, Rene made landfall on Boa Vista Island around 00:00 UTC on September 8 with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Dry air and only marginally warm seas caused convection to wane and Rene weakened to a tropical depression several hours later. After another burst in deep convection early on September 9, the cyclone re-strengthened into a tropical storm. At 12:00 UTC on September 10, Rene peaked with sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg). Showers and thunderstorms decreased starting on the following day due to dry air and Rene weakened to a tropical depression on September 12. Strong westerly shear caused further weakening, with Rene degenerating into a trough about 1,035 mi (1,666 km) northeast of the Leeward Islands. The remnants turned southwestward and dissipated a few days later.^[116]

Rene brought gusty winds and heavy rain to the Cabo Verde Islands on September 8.^[117] A tropical storm warning was issued for the islands on September 7, which remained in effect though late the next day. There were no reports of casualties or damage associated with the storm.^[116]

Hurricane Sally

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 11 – September 17
Peak intensity	110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min)  965 mbar (hPa)

On September 10, the NHC began to monitor an area of disturbed weather over The Bahamas for possible development.^[118] By 18:00 UTC on September 11, convection within the system became better organized and a well-defined center of circulation developed, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Nineteen between Andros Island and Bimini in the Bahamas, roughly 115 mi (185 km) east-southeast of Miami, Florida. It moved westward and crossed the coast of southeastern Florida near Cutler Bay around 06:00 UTC on September 12, with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). Six hours later, while its center was over the Everglades, the depression strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Sally. Continuing its westward movement, Sally emerged over the Gulf of Mexico around 15:00 UTC that day. Once offshore, the storm turned to the northwest. Moderate northwesterly shear hindered its steady strengthening. When the shear relaxed a bit early the next day, a burst of deep convection developed near and to the east of the storm's center and it began to go through a period of rapid intensification. During this time, Sally became a category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 14, while centered about 145 mi (235 km) south of Pensacola, Florida, as its intensity increased from 60 mph (95 km/h) to 85 mph (135 km/h) over an 18-hour period. After weakening to 80 mph (130 km/h) early on September 15, Sally slowed to a crawl while beginning a northward move toward the northern Gulf coast. Late that same day, Sally began a second period of rapid intensification, going from 80 mph (130 km/h) at 18:00 UTC to a high-end category 2 intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h) by 06:00 UTC September 16. At around 09:45 UTC, the system made landfall at peak intensity near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbars (28.50 inHg).^[119] Sally rapidly weakened as it moved slowly inland, weakening to a Category 1 hurricane at 13:00 UTC^[120] and to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC.^[121] Later, the storm weakened to a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on September 17, and became an extratropical low six hours later over eastern Alabama. It was subsequently absorbed within a cold front.^[119]

A tropical storm watch was issued for the Miami metropolitan area when the storm first formed, while numerous watches and warnings were issued as Sally approached the U.S. Gulf Coast.^[122] Several coastline counties and parishes on the Gulf Coast were evacuated. In South Florida, heavy rain led to localized flash flooding,^[123] while the rest of the peninsula saw continuous shower and thunderstorm activity due to asymmetric structure of Sally. The area between Mobile, Alabama and Pensacola, Florida took the brunt of the storm with widespread wind damage, storm surge and flooding, and over 2 ft (61 cm) of rainfall was recorded near Naval Air Station Pensacola.^[124] There were 16 tornadoes reported across the region while Sally was a tropical cyclone. It was responsible for four direct fatalities and for approximately $7.3 billion in damage.^[119]

Hurricane Teddy

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 12 – September 23
Peak intensity	140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min)  945 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began to monitor a tropical wave over Africa early on September 7.^[125] Though the wave was experiencing moderate northeasterly shear, convection increased early on September 12, which led to the development of a well-defined surface center and the formation of Tropical Depression around 00:00 UTC while the system was located about 575 mi (925 km) southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. After overcoming a combination of northeasterly shear, dry air in the mid-levels and the large size and radius of maximum winds of the system, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Teddy around 00:00 UTC on September 14. Late the next day, the storm began its first period of rapid intensification. During this time, microwave images indicated that an eye formed, and that Teddy had become a hurricane near 00:00 UTC September 16 about 805 mi (1,295 km) east-northeast of Barbados. The storm continued to intensify, becoming a Category 2 hurricane several hours later. Some slight westerly wind shear briefly halted further intensification, but when it subsided, the storm began another period of rapid intensification early on September 17. Teddy strengthened into a major category 3 hurricane near 12:00 UTC while centered about 575 mi (925 km) east-northeast of Guadeloupe, and to category 4 strength three hours later. then, around 00:00 UTC on September 18, the hurricane reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) a minimum barometric pressure of 945 mbar (27.91 inHg). That day, an eyewall replacement cycle caused the storm to weaken slightly to category 3; and the following day, an increase in southwesterly shear caused it to drop below major hurricane strength around 00:00 UTC on September 20.^[126]

Teddy passed about 230 mi (370 km) east of Bermuda on September 21 as it turned northward and north-northeastward while interacting with a negatively tilted trough. This interaction caused an increase in both the storm's maximum wind speed and size. Teddy reached a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph (170 km/h) between 06:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC on September 22. Interaction with the trough also triggered the extratropical transition process; Teddy's wind field became more asymmetric, and the associated convection become less centralized. At about 18:00 UTC that same day, the hurricane weakened to Category 1 intensity, before becoming an extratropical low at around 00:00 UTC on September 23, while located about 190 mi (305 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The low then moved onshore of Atlantic Canada approximately 12 hours later near Ecum Secum, Nova Scotia with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). The system weakened as it moved northward across eastern Nova Scotia and then the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it was absorbed by a larger non-tropical low early on September 24, near eastern Labrador.^[126]

Hurricane Teddy generated large ocean swells which spread along much of the U.S. Atlantic coast and from the northern Caribbean to Bermuda.^[127] Two people drowned in the waters off La Pocita in Loíza, Puerto Rico due to rip currents generated by these swells on September 18,^[128] as did a swimmer at Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey on September 23.^[129]

Tropical Storm Vicky

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 14 – September 17
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1001 mbar (hPa)

In the early hours of September 11, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa.^[130] An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved northwestward and crossed the Cabo Verde Islands on September 12, producing showers and locally heavy rain. The next day, the disturbance steadily organized, and by 00:00 UTC on September 14, the system became Tropical Depression Twenty-One about 195 mi (315 km) west of the northwesternmost of the Cabo Verde Islands. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Vicky six hours later based on scatterometer data. Despite extremely strong shear partially caused by Hurricane Teddy's outflow removing all but a small convective cluster to the northeast of its center, Vicky intensified further, reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.52 inHg) at 12:00 UTC on September 15. Over the ensuing couple of days, the storm was beset by increasing wind shear, and it weakened to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on September 17. Then, about six hours later, it degenerated into a remnant low about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-northwest of the northwesternmost Cabo Verde Islands and subsequently dissipated.^[131]

The tropical wave from which Vicky developed produced flooding in the Cabo Verde Islands. The floods killed one person in Praia on September 12. There were, however, no reports of damage or casualties directly caused by Vicky.^[131][132]

Subtropical Storm Alpha

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 17 – September 19
Peak intensity	50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  996 mbar (hPa)

A large, extratropical low-pressure area developed over the northeast Atlantic Ocean on September 14, following the interaction between a surface front and an upper-level low. The low peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) on September 15. Although the low weakened as it headed south-southeastward, the wind field contracted and convection began forming closer to the circulation due to marginally warm sea surface temperatures and sufficient atmospheric instability. By 06:00 UTC on September 17, the system developed into Subtropical Storm Alpha roughly 405 mi (650 km) east of the Azores. Alpha strengthened attained its peak intensity as a subtropical system around 00:00 UTC on September 18, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg). At 18:40 UTC that day, the cyclone made landfall about 10 mi (15 km) south of Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Around 00:00 UTC on September 19, Alpha weakened to a subtropical depression inland over north-central Portugal.^[40] Three hours later, it degenerated to a post-tropical remnant low near Viseu, Portugal.^[133] and dissipated shortly thereafter.^[40]

In preparation for Alpha on September 18, orange warnings were raised for high wind and heavy rain in Coimbra and Leiria districts of Portugal. Alpha and its associated low produced a wind gust up to 55 mph (89 km/h) at Monte Real. High winds downed many trees and caused numerous power outages in coastal Portugal. The storm also spawned at least two tornadoes, both rated EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. In Spain, the front associated with Alpha caused a train to derail in Madrid,^[40] while thunderstorms on Ons Island caused a forest fire.^[134] There were no reports of injuries or deaths related to Alpha while it was a subtropical cyclone, but its remnants caused one fatality in Spain, as a woman in Calzadilla died after a roof collapsed upon her.^[40] Overall, Alpha caused at least $1 million in damage.^[135]

Tropical Storm Beta

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 17 – September 22
Peak intensity	65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min)  993 mbar (hPa)

On September 10, the NHC began to monitor a trough that had formed over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.^[136] Development of the system was not expected at the time due to strong upper-level winds produced by Hurricane Sally.^[137] The disturbance nonetheless persisted, moving into the southwestern Gulf of Mexico where it began to organize, as Sally made landfall on the northern Gulf coast and then moved across the Southeastern United States on September 16.^[138] By 12:00 UTC the next day, disturbance had consolidated and developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-Two about 350 mi (565 km) south-southeast of Brownsville, Texas.^[139] Later, on the afternoon of September 18, the depression become Tropical Storm Beta about 280 mi (450 km) east-southeast of the mouth of the Rio Grande.^[140] Though dry air associated with both a surface front and an upper-level trough was drawn into the storm on September 19, stopping intensification, Beta was able to reach a peak wind speed of 65 mph (105 km/h) on the morning of September 20, and a minimum pressure of 993 mbar (30.47 inHg) later in the day. Then, after turning westward over the Gulf of Mexico, it became nearly stationary, causing upwelling and weakening the storm.^[141][142] Beta made landfall at 02:45 UTC on September 22, over the southern end of Matagorda Peninsula, near Port O'Connor, Texas, with maximum sustained winds near 50 mph (80 km/h).^[139][143] Several hours later, by 15:00 UTC, the storm weakened to a tropical depression.^[144] Late on September 22, the depression turned east-northeastward and became an extratropical low inland near the Texas coast. This post-tropical low moved through the Deep South until dissipating over northeastern Alabama early on September 25.^[139]

Beta caused widespread moderate to major flooding in portions of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. The heaviest rains (upwards to near 16 inches) fell over Harris County and the adjacent portions of Brazoria County.^[139] Houston officials reported that over 100,000 gallons of domestic wastewater spilled at five locations in the city as a result; officials also reported that one man drowned in Brays Bayou.^[145]

Tropical Storm Wilfred

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 17 – September 21
Peak intensity	40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min)  1006 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave and its associated broad low-pressure area emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 13. A well-defined center of circulation formed on September 17. Stronger and more organized and convection appeared later that day, while a scatterometer pass observed tropical storm-force winds. As a result, Tropical Storm Wilfred developed around 18:00 UTC on September 17 while situated about 345 mi (555 km) southwest of the southernmost islands of Cabo Verde. Six hours later, the storm attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.71 inHg). Very dry air from the Saharan Air Layer prevented further intensification, while westerly to northwesterly wind shear increased to about 23 mph (37 km/h) by September 19. Deep convection began to diminish on the following day, causing Wilfred to weaken to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC. Early on September 21, Wilfred degenerated into an trough approximately 920 mi (1,480 km) east of the northern Leeward Islands.^[146]

Hurricane Gamma

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 2 – October 6
Peak intensity	75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min)  978 mbar (hPa)

On September 30, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located over the central Caribbean Sea for potential development.^[147] Persistent thunderstorm activity increased over the ensuing days and gradually became better organized. A surface low-pressure area developed early on October&2, and then the convection became sufficiently organized, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Five by 06:00 UTC that day. Twelve hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Gamma while located about 140 mi (225 km) southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo. The system began to quickly intensify after formation as it moved across the northwestern Caribbean Sea, reaching category 1 hurricane strength and its peak intensity, with maximum winds 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure 978 mbar (28.88 inHg), as it made landfall near Tulum, Quintana Roo at 16:45U UTC on October 3. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm after landfall and continued to weaken as it passed over the northern Yucatán Peninsula.^[148] After emerging over the southern Gulf of Mexico 13 hours later, roughly 100 mi (160 km) east-northeast of Progreso, Yucatán with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h),^[149] deep convection redeveloped over the center. This enabled some re-intensification to occur, and Gamma briefly reached a secondary peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) by 18:00 UTC on October 4. But it then stalled for several hours, before slowly commencing a move southwestward. During this time, increasing shear and intrusions of dry air weakened the storm, leaving its center exposed by early on October 5. By 18:00 UTC that day, Gamma weakened to a tropical depression. It continued to produce disorganized convection through its final landfall, which occurred at 03:00 UTC on October 6, near San Felipe, Yucatán, with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The circulation dissipated over land by 18:00 UTC that day.^[148]

Numerous tropical storm watches and warnings were issued by the government of Mexico for parts of the Yucatán Peninsula following the formation of Gamma and several thousand people were evacuated to shelters. Gamma produced strong winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, landslides, and mudslides in the region.^[150] Reports indicate that Gamma caused six direct fatalities (4 in Chiapas and 2 in Tabasco).^[148]

Hurricane Delta

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 4 – October 10
Peak intensity	140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min)  953 mbar (hPa)

On October 1, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located a few hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles for potential development.^[151] Showers and thunderstorms within the wave fluctuated as it moved across the Caribbean Sea due to moderate wind shear and intrusions of dry air; even so, a well-defined center of circulation formed with sufficiently organized deep convection around 18:00 UTC on October 4, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Six. Thunderstorm activity continued to increase after formation, but was initially confined to the southern portion of the circulation due to northerly wind shear. Once the shear lessened on October 5, convection became more symmetric around the center, and the system strengthened to become Tropical Storm Delta by 12:00 UTC that day about 150 mi (240 km) south-southwest of Montego Bay, Jamaica.^[152] Delta soon began to rapidly intensify, attaining hurricane strength 12 hours later.^[153] As it moved west-northwestward over the western Caribbean Sea, Delta attained category 3, major hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC October 6, and then reached its peak intensity as a category 4 hurricane with maximum winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mbar (28.14 inHg) eight hours later, while centered about 200 mi (320 km) south of the Isle of Youth, Cuba. This period of rapid intensification resulted in a 105 mi (165 km/h) increase in winds over a 36-hour period.^[152] This breakneck rate of strengthening was due to a combination of extremely warm ocean water temperatures, low wind shear and sufficiently moist air aloft.^[154] The hurricane weakened early on October 7 due to a slight increase in mid-level wind shear, which inhibited upper-level outflow from the storm and disrupted its small core.^[155] At around 10:30 UTC that day, it made landfall near Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo as a Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h).^[152] Delta spent several hours over land before emerging off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula and into the Gulf of Mexico north of Dzilam de Bravo, Yucatán,^[156] as a Category 1 hurricane around 18:00 UTC. Moving northwestward and situated in generally favorable atmospheric and oceanic conditions, Delta again intensified, strengthening back to a major hurricane within 24 hours. It then reached its secondary peak intensity at 00:00 UTC on October 9, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mb (28.14 inHg). During the day, however, an increase in southwesterly shear and a decrease in the oceanic heat content over the northern Gulf of Mexico caused to weaken to category 2 strength as it moved toward the southwestern Louisiana coast.^[152] Delta made landfall near Creole, Louisiana with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) at 23:00 UTC.^[157] Its landfall location was only about 10 mi (15 km) east of where Hurricane Laura's eye crossed the coast on August 27.^[152] Inland, Delta weakened to tropical storm strength at 06:00 UTC on October 10, about 15 mi (25 km) east-southeast of Alexandria, Louisiana.^[158] The storm continued to weaken that day as it turned northeastward, becoming extratropical over Mississippi by 18:00 UTC and then subsequently dissipating.^[152]

As Delta was nearing landfall in Quintana Roo, Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on October 6 the activation of the DN-III emergency plan and the mobilization of 5,000 soldiers of the Mexican Armed Forces to help with the evacuation of sheltering people in the region.^[159] There were no immediate reports of deaths or injuries, but there were numerous reports of fallen trees and damage to the region's electrical grids.^[156] As Delta moved into the northern Gulf of Mexico, widespread watches and warnings were issued along the U.S. Gulf Coast.^[160] States of emergency were declared in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and numerous coastal, low-lying, and flood prone areas were evacuated.^{[161][162][163]} The hurricane and its remnants produced heavy rain, strong winds, storm surge, and tornadoes across much of the Southeastern United States.^[164] Altogether, there were six storm-related fatalities, two each in the Yucatán, Louisiana and Florida.^[152]

Hurricane Epsilon

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 19 – October 26
Peak intensity	115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min)  952 mbar (hPa)

The NHC started monitoring the region of the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Bermuda on October 14, in anticipation of the formation of a broad non-tropical low.^[165] The low formed the next day,^[166] and later began to undergo gradual tropical development as it moved over increasingly warm sea-surface temperatures. A large cluster of deep convection formed just east of the low by 06:00 UTC on October 19 while it was located about 830 mi (1,335 km) east of Bermuda, resulting in a sufficiently organized structure for it to be designated as Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Epsilon, and then slowly intensified the following day, as it encountered sporadic bouts of dry-air intrusion imported by moderate vertical wind shear, as it completed a small counter-clockwise loop. The vertical shear subsided and the remaining dry air mixed out of the core on October 20–21, enabling the storm to undergo a period of rapid intensification. It became a hurricane around 00:00 UTC October 21, and rapidly strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane, the fourth major hurricane of the season, 18 hours later, while located about 345 mi (555 km) southeast of Bermuda. Epsilon then reached its peak intensity with maximum winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 952 mbar (28.12 inHg) six hours later.^[167] Its rapid intensification was unusual due to the relatively over cool sea surface temperatures and moderate wind shear, and was also the farthest east any tropical cyclone had rapidly intensified this late in an Atlantic hurricane season.^[168] By 09:00 UTC on October 22, the storm had weakened to high-end category 1 strength, with its eye becoming increasingly cloud-filled and its eyewall on the west side eroded.^[169] Epsilon maintained its intensity over the next two days.^[167] Overnight on October 22–23, the hurricane made its closest advance toward Bermuda, passing about 190 mi (310 km) to its east.^[170] On October 24, it made a sharp turn toward the northeast and accelerated, then began slowly weakening as it moved northward toward the north extent of the Gulf Stream and encountered colder sea surface temperatures. Epsilon weakened to tropical storm intensity around 18:00 UTC on October 25, and became extratropical 12 hours later about 565 mi (910 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.^[167] Epsilon's remnants were later absorbed into a deep extratropical low southwest of Iceland.^[171] The trailing weather fronts associated with this low produced waves up to 98 ft (30 m) on the coast of Ireland on October 28.^[172]

The hurricane's large wind field prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Bermuda at 15:00 UTC on October 20,^[173] which was later upgraded to a warning 24 hours later.^[174] Although the Bermuda Weather Service anticipated that hurricane-force winds would not impact the island,^[175] the Government of Bermuda warned residents to prepare for power outages and to check their emergency supplies.^[176] Additionally, Dangerous Surf Advisory signs were posted at south shore beaches.^[177] Rainfall on the island as the storm passed by amounted to less than an inch; winds at Bermuda's airport gusted near tropical storm-force, with a peak wind gust of 38 mph (61 km/h).^[170] As it began moving away from Bermuda on October 23, the tropical storm warning was cancelled.^[178] The hurricane also generated large sea swells from Bermuda to the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and the Leeward Islands.^[177] The hurricane caused 1 indirect death; a 27-year-old man drowned in Epsilon-induced rip currents in Daytona Beach, Florida.^[167]

Hurricane Zeta

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 24 – October 29
Peak intensity	115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min)  970 mbar (hPa)

A large area of unsettled weather developed due to the combination of a tropical wave and a midlevel trough October 18–19 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The system drifted west-northwestward to a location about 115 mi (185 km) south of Grand Cayman on October 23. Following an increase of deep convection increased overnight into the morning of October 24, satellite data indicated that a well-defined low formed by 12:00 UTC 24 October, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Eight. Then, 12 hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Zeta,^[179] while located about 270 mi (435 km) east-southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo.^[180] Despite experiencing some north-northwestwardly shear,^[181] the storm steadily intensified, and reached hurricane strength by 06:00 UTC on October 26, while located about 230 mi (370 km) southeast of Cozumel. At 03:55 UTC the next day, it made its first landfall near Ciudad Chemuyil, Quintana Roo with sustained winds of 85 mph (135 km/h).^[179] After weakening to a tropical storm inland, Zeta moved offshore of the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula eleven hours later, about 25 mi (40 km) north-northeast of Progreso, Yucatán.^[182] Dry air wrapped around the northern half of Zeta's circulation as it moved off shore over the southern Gulf of Mexico, leaving its center partially exposed,^[183] though it began to re-intensify on October 28, in a conducive environment of low shear and warm sea surface temperatures.^[179] At 06:00 UTC on October 28, while located about 410 mi (660 km) south of New Orleans, Louisiana. Zeta became a hurricane again;^[184] this marked the start of a period of rapid intensification, which peaked later that day, at 21:00 UTC, when it became a category 3 major hurricane and attained its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (28.65 inHg), as it made its second landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana. Zeta steadily lost strength after landfall, weakening to tropical storm near Tuscaloosa, Alabama at 06:00 UTC on October 29, before transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone over central Virginia by 18:00 UTC that day, while moving rapidly northeastward. Early on October 30, Zeta's remnants dissipated east of the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast.^[179]

Heavy rain in Jamaica caused a landslide that killed two people.^[185] Strong winds and rain caused flooding and damaged infrastructure in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula.^[186] There were six storm related deaths in the United States: Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi each had one death; three people were killed in Georgia.^[187] Zeta flooded city streets and knocked out power to more than 2.6 million homes and businesses across the Southeastern United States; it also disrupted 2020 election early voting in several states.^[188] As the remnants of Zeta moved off shore from the continental U.S., it left behind accumulating snow across parts of New England.^[189]

Hurricane Eta

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	October 31 – November 13
Peak intensity	150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min)  922 mbar (hPa)

On October 29, the NHC began monitoring a disturbance interacting with a pair of tropical waves while moving across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern Caribbean Sea.^[190] On October 30, the disturbance moved west-northwestward and gradually became better organized.^[191] By 18:00 UTC on October 31, the system's deep convection had consolidated and a low-level circulation had became sufficiently well-defined, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine centered about 105 mi (165 km) south of Pedernales, Dominican Republic. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Eta by 00:00 UTC on November 1, and quickly intensified, becoming a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on November 2, while located about 310 mi (500 km) south of Grand Cayman. Eta strengthened extremely rapidly through that day, and by 18:00 UTC it had intensified into a Category 4 hurricane. It reached its peak intensity with sustained maximum winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 922 mbar (27.23 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on November 3. Later that day, at 21:00 UTC, it made landfall south-southwest of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). Eta rapidly weakened over land, moving westward, diminishing to a tropical storm by 12:00 UTC on November 4, and to a tropical depression early the following day while moving northward over central Honduras. There, its surface circulation appeared to dissipate, but an associated low- to mid-tropospheric circulation center remained present. The disturbance then emerged over the Gulf of Honduras just before 00:00 UTC on November 6, where it re-acquired a surface circulation, re-developing into a tropical depression to the east of Belize around six hours later. It regained tropical storm status around 06:00 UTC on November 7, as it accelerated east-northeastward across the Caribbean Sea. Eta made its next landfall along the southern coast of Sancti Spíritus Province in Cuba around 09:00 UTC on November 8, with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Then, after crossing Cuba and the Straits of Florida, Eta made its third landfall, striking Lower Matecumbe Key in the Florida Keys at 04:00 UTC on November 9, with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Next, after moving into the Gulf of Mexico, Eta briefly re-strengthened into a hurricane southwest of Florida on November 11, before weakening back to tropical storm strength. It then turned northeastward and made its final landfall near Cedar Key, Florida at 09:00 UTC on November 12, with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). The storm weakened over land, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean near the Florida–Georgia state line later that day. Eta re-intensified slightly on November 13 while moving northeastward off the coast of the Carolinas, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone later that day.^[192]

Hurricane and tropical storm watches and warnings were issued along the Caribbean coast of Honduras and of northeastern Nicaragua as Eta approached.^[193] The intense wind and rain generated by Eta caused flooding and landslides, resulting in crop losses, plus the destruction of roads, bridges, power lines and houses throughout Central America.^[194] Overall, more than 210 fatalities across Central America were attributed to the storm,^[195] including 74 in Honduras, 60 in Guatemala, 27 in Mexico,^[192] 19 in Panama,^[196] two each in Nicaragua and Costa Rica,^[192] and one in El Salvador.^[197] Relief efforts were severely hampered when, just two weeks later, Hurricane Iota made landfall approximately 15 miles (25 km) south of where Eta moved ashore.^[198] Once the system began to reorganize in the Caribbean, tropical storm watches were issued on November 5, in the Cayman Islands. More watches were issued in parts of Cuba, the northwestern Bahamas, and South Florida. Eta bought heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the Cayman Islands and Cuba, the latter of which was already dealing with overflowing rivers that prompted evacuations.^{[199][200][201]} Heavy rainfall and tropical-storm force winds were recorded across much of Florida as a result of Eta's two landfalls there, causing widespread flooding; there was one fatality in Florida during the storm.^[202][203]

Tropical Storm Theta

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 10 – November 15
Peak intensity	70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  987 mbar (hPa)

On November 6, the NHC began monitoring a non-tropical area of disturbed weather in the central Atlantic for possible gradual subtropical development.^[204] A non-tropical low subsequently formed about 1,300 mi (2,095 km) west-southwest of the Azores on November 8. The system became better organized as it began to detach from a frontal boundary during the following day. At 00:00 UTC on November 10, it developed into Subtropical Storm Theta. By 18:00 UTC that afternoon, the storm had transitioned into a Tropical Storm; it simultaneously attained what would be its peak intensity, with maximum winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 987 mbar (29.15 inHg). By the following morning, the effects of strong southwesterly shear had weakened Theta somewhat, though it soon began to regain some strength, and by 00:00 UTC on November 12, re-intensified to its earlier peak. Steady weakening occurred on November 13–14, as the storm experienced strong northerly vertical shear. By 06:00 UTC on November 15, Theta had weakened to a tropical depression about 120 mi (195 km) southwest of Madeira Island, and it degenerated to a remnant low six hours later.^[205]

Hurricane Iota

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	November 13 – November 18
Peak intensity	155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min)  917 mbar (hPa)

On November 8, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave over the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea for potential development.^[206][207] After producing showers and thunderstorms over a widespread area for several days, the wave, then located over the east-central Caribbean, began to gradually become better organized on November 11.^[208] The next day, deep convection increased and then a broad low-pressure system developed. At around 12:00 UTC on November 13, Tropical Depression Thirty-One formed when it was about 185 mi (300 km) northwest of Aruba. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota.^[207] Environmental conditions at the time—low vertical wind shear, extremely warm sea surface temperatures and a moist atmosphere—were favorable for rapid or even explosive intensification of the storm into a major hurricane.^[209] Iota reached hurricane strength by 06:00 UTC on November 15, while located about 295 mi (475 km) east of Providencia Island, Colombia,^[210] and reached category 4 strength 24 hours later. As it was nearing its peak intensity, the hurricane passed very close to the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, with its eye missing Providencia by only 11 mi (18 km).^[211] Around 12:00 UTC on November 16, the hurricane attained its peak intensity with maximum winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 917 mbar (27.08 inHg). Data from Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft indicated that Iota had strengthened 105 mph (165 km/h) and that its central pressure had fallen 80 mbar (2.36 inHg) during the 42 hours preceding this achievement. Afterward, the hurricane weakened some as it passed over the relatively cool wake created nearly two weeks earlier by Hurricane Eta. At 03:40 UTC on November 17, Iota made landfall near the community of Haulover, Nicaragua (in Pearl Lagoon municipality), with sustained winds of 145 mph (235 km/h).^[207] Its landfall location was approximately 15 mi (25 km) south of where Eta made landfall on November 3.^[212] After moving inland, it rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Nicaragua, becoming a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC that day while located over western Nicaragua. Then, after moving over southern Honduras and east-central El Salvador, it become a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on November 18. Iota dissipated over western El Salvador several hours later.^[207]

The government of Colombia issued a hurricane warning for Providencia and a hurricane watch for the island of San Andrés on November 14;^[213] and a few hours later, hurricane warnings were issued for portions of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and of Honduras.^[214] Iota damaged much of the infrastructure of Providencia,^[215] and its heavy rainfall fell on ground still saturated following Eta, producing widespread flash floods and river flooding across most of Central America and into extreme southeastern Mexico. There were at least 67 direct storm-related fatalities in the region, and total damage estimates for Iota amounted to US$1.4 billion.^[207]

Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2020. As more than 21 named storms occurred, storms that formed after Wilfred were assigned names corresponding to the letters of the Greek alphabet. Use of this naming protocol had only happened once before, in 2005. The list of storm names for the 2020 season was the same list used in the 2014 season, as no names were retired from that year. The names Isaias, Paulette, Rene, Sally, Teddy, Vicky, and Wilfred from the regular list were used for the first time this year, as were the auxiliary list names of Eta, Theta, and Iota. Isaias and Paulette replaced Ike and Paloma, respectively, after 2008, but both names went unused in 2014.

Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo	Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana	Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred
Auxiliary list
Alpha Beta Gamma	Delta Epsilon Zeta	Eta Theta Iota

Retirement

On March 17, 2021, during the joint 42nd and 43rd Sessions of the RA IV Hurricane Committee in the spring of 2021, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Laura, replacing it with Leah for the 2026 season. The letters Eta and Iota were also retired.^[216]

End of Greek alphabet usage

After the 2005 hurricane season, the WMO hurricane committee decided to keep using the Greek letter names as an auxiliary list each year, determining that retiring a Greek letter name by removing the name from use was not feasible.^[217] Instead, a storm with a Greek letter name found worthy of retirement would be included in the list of retired names along with the year of occurrence, but the Greek letter would be kept for future use.^[218] In 2020, several highly devastating storms with Greek letter names, particularly Eta and Iota (which, under the previous policy, would have been retired as "Eta (2020)" and "Iota (2020)" respectively), prompted concerns from meteorologists, including retired Hurricane Specialist Unit chief James Franklin, that the current policy would defeat the purpose of name retirement.^[219][220] On March 17, 2021, the WMO announced that the use of the Greek list would be discontinued to avoid confusion.^[216] Instead, if the regular naming list is exhausted, an auxiliary list consisting of 21 given names would be used, which will allow the names to be retired.^[221]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, damage, impacted locations, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low. All of the damage figures are in 2020 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD	TS	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5

2020 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics

Storm name	Dates active	Storm category at peak intensity	Max 1-min wind mph (km/h)	Min. press. (mbar)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Arthur	May 16–19	Tropical storm	60 (95)	990	Southeastern United States, The Bahamas, Bermuda	$112,000	None	[54]
Bertha	May 27–28	Tropical storm	50 (85)	1005	Southeastern United States, The Bahamas	> $130,000	None	[55]
Cristobal	June 1–9	Tropical storm	60 (95)	988	Central America, Mexico, Central United States, Great Lakes region, Northern Ontario	≥ $665 million	6	[63][65]
Dolly	June 22–24	Tropical storm	45 (75)	1000	None	None	None
Edouard	July 4–6	Tropical storm	45 (75)	1005	Bermuda, southern Ireland, southern United Kingdom	Minimal	None
Fay	July 9–11	Tropical storm	60 (95)	998	East Coast of the United States, Southeastern Canada	≥ $350 million	2 (4)	[65][74]
Gonzalo	July 21–25	Tropical storm	65 (100)	997	Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela	Minimal	None
Hanna	July 23–26	Category 1 hurricane	90 (150)	973	Greater Antilles, Gulf Coast of the United States, Mexico	$1.2 billion	4 (5)	[79]
Isaias	July 30 – August 4	Category 1 hurricane	90 (150)	986	Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Eastern Canada	$4.8 billion	12 (5)	[82]
Ten	July 31 – August 1	Tropical depression	35 (55)	1008	Cabo Verde Islands	None	None
Josephine	August 11–16	Tropical storm	45 (75)	1004	None	None	None
Kyle	August 14–15	Tropical storm	50 (85)	1000	The Carolinas	None	None
Laura	August 20–29	Category 4 hurricane	150 (240)	937	Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Southern United States	$19.1 billion	47 (34)	[93][135]
Marco	August 21–25	Category 1 hurricane	75 (120)	991	Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, Central America, Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States	≥ $35 million	1	[102][222]
Omar	August 31 – September 5	Tropical storm	40 (65)	1003	Southeastern United States, Bermuda	None	None
Nana	September 1–3	Category 1 hurricane	75 (120)	994	Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Southeastern Mexico	≥ $20 million	None	[135]
Paulette	September 7–22	Category 2 hurricane	105 (165)	965	Cabo Verde Islands, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Azores, Madeira	> $50 million	2	[113][222]
Rene	September 7–14	Tropical storm	45 (75)	1001	Senegal, The Gambia, Cabo Verde Islands	Minimal	None
Sally	September 11–17	Category 2 hurricane	110 (175)	965	The Bahamas, Cuba, Southeastern United States	$7.3 billion	4 (5)	[119]
Teddy	September 12–23	Category 4 hurricane	140 (220)	945	Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada	> $35 million	3	[128][129][222]
Vicky	September 14–17	Tropical storm	50 (85)	1001	Cabo Verde Islands	Minimal	1	[131][132]
Alpha	September 17–19	Subtropical storm	50 (85)	996	Iberian Peninsula	> $1 million	1	[40][135]
Beta	September 17–22	Tropical storm	65 (100)	993	Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States	$225 million	1	[145][222]
Wilfred	September 17–21	Tropical storm	40 (65)	1006	None	None	None
Gamma	October 2–6	Category 1 hurricane	75 (120)	978	Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula	> $100 million	6	[148][222]
Delta	October 4–10	Category 4 hurricane	140 (220)	953	Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States	$3.09 billion	2 (4)	[152][223]
Epsilon	October 19–26	Category 3 hurricane	115 (185)	952	Bermuda	Minimal	1	[167]
Zeta	October 24–29	Category 3 hurricane	115 (185)	970	Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, East Coast of the United States	$4.42 billion	7 (2)	[185][187][224]
Eta	October 31 – November 13	Category 4 hurricane	150 (240)	922	ABC Islands, San Andrés and Providencia, Central America, Mexico, Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States	$8.3 billion	≥ 172 (3)	[192][197][196]
Theta	November 10–15	Tropical storm	70 (110)	987	Canary Islands, Madeira	None	None
Iota	November 13–18	Category 4 hurricane	155 (250)	917	ABC Islands, Venezuela, Colombia, San Andrés and Providencia, Central America, Mexico	$1.4 billion	≥67 (17)	[207]
Season aggregates
31 systems	May 16 – November 18		155 (250)	917		> $51.081 billion	≥ 342 (75)

See also

• Tropical cyclones in 2020
• Atlantic hurricane season
• List of Atlantic hurricane records
• Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
• South Atlantic tropical cyclone
• 2020 Pacific hurricane season
• 2020 Pacific typhoon season
• 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
• South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
• Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
• South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21

Notes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Atlantic hurricane season.

• National Hurricane Center Website
• National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
• Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product
• Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Reports