Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Zephaniah (néSpringer; 15 April 1958 – 7 December 2023) was a British writer, dub poet, actor, musician and professor of poetry and creative writing. He was included in The Times list of Britain's top 50 post-war writers in 2008. Described as "the people's laureate" by the Birmingham Mail, Zephaniah drew on his lived experiences of incarceration, racism and his Jamaican heritage to encourage a wide range of audiences to engage with his creative works.
Zephaniah won the BBC Young Playwright's Award and was awarded at least sixteen honorary doctorates. A ward at Ealing Hospital was named in his honour. His second novel, Refugee Boy, was the recipient of the 2002 Portsmouth Book Award in the Longer Novel category. In 1982, he released an album, Rasta, which featured the Wailers performing for the first time since the death of Bob Marley, as well as a tribute to Nelson Mandela. It topped the charts in Yugoslavia, and due to its success Mandela invited Zephaniah to host the president's Two Nations Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1996. As an actor, he had a major role in the BBC's Peaky Blinders between 2013 and 2022.
In 2003, he was offered appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) but publicly rejected the honour, stating that: "I get angry when I hear that word 'empire'; it reminds me of slavery, it reminds of thousands of years of brutality, it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised".
Early life and education
Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Springer was born on 15 April 1958,[1][2][3] in the Handsworth district of Birmingham, England, where he was also raised.[4][5] He referred to this area as the "Jamaican capital of Europe".[6] He was the son of Oswald Springer, a Barbadian postman, and Leneve (née Wright), a Jamaican nurse, and had a total of seven younger siblings, including his twin sister, Velda.[2][3][7][8]
Zephaniah wrote that he was strongly influenced by the music and poetry of Jamaica and what he called "street politics", and he said in a 2005 interview:
Well, for most of the early part of my life I thought poetry was an oral thing. We used to listen to tapes from Jamaica of Louise Bennett, who we think of as the queen of all dub poets. For me, it was two things: it was words wanting to say something and words creating rhythm. Written poetry was a very strange thing that white people did.[9]
His first performance was in church when he was 11 years old, resulting in him adopting the name Zephaniah (after the biblical prophet),[2] and by the age of 15, his poetry was already known among Handsworth's Afro-Caribbean and Asian communities.[10]
The gift, during his childhood, of an old, manual typewriter inspired him to become a writer. It is now in the collection of Birmingham Museums Trust.[12]
As a youth, he spent time in borstal and in his late teens received a criminal record and served a prison sentence for burglary.[2][13][8][14] Tired of the limitations of being a black poet communicating with black people only, he decided to expand his audience, and headed to London at the age of 22.[7]
They happened around me. Back then, racism was very in your face. There was the National Front against black and foreign people and the police were also very racist. I got stopped four times after I bought a BMW when I became successful with poetry. I kept getting stopped by the police so I sold it.
Written work and poetry
Zephaniah became actively involved in a workers' co-operative in Stratford, London, which led to the publication of his first book of poetry, Pen Rhythm (Page One Books, 1980). He had earlier been turned down by other publishers who did not believe there would be an audience for his work, and "they didn't understand it because it was supposed to be performed".[16] Three editions of Pen Rhythm were published. Zephaniah said that his mission was to fight the dead image of poetry in academia, and to "take [it] everywhere" to people who do not read books, so he turned poetry readings into concert-like performances,[7] sometimes with The Benjamin Zephaniah Band.[7][17]
His second collection of poetry, The Dread Affair: Collected Poems (1985), contained a number of poems attacking the British legal system.[18]Rasta Time in Palestine (1990), an account of a visit to the Palestinian occupied territories, contained poetry and travelogue.[19]
Zephaniah was poet-in-residence at the chambers of Michael Mansfield QC, and sat in on the inquiry into Bloody Sunday and other cases,[20] these experiences led to his Too Black, Too Strong poetry collection (2001).[8]We Are Britain! (2002) is a collection of poems celebrating cultural diversity in Britain.[18]
He published several collections of poems, as well as novels, specifically for young people.[21]Talking Turkeys (1994), his first poetry book for children, was reprinted after six weeks.[22][23] In 1999, he wrote his first novel Face – a story of "facial discrimination", as he described it[21] – which was intended for teenagers, and sold some 66,000 copies.[17][24][25][26] Zephaniah's second novel Refugee Boy, about a 14-year-old refugee from Ethiopia and Eritrea,[27] was published in August 2001. It was the recipient of the 2002 Portsmouth Book Award in the Longer Novel category,[21][28] and went on to sell 88,000 copies.[17] In 2013, Refugee Boy was adapted as a play by Zephaniah's long-time friend Lemn Sissay, staged at the West Yorkshire Playhouse.[29][30][31]
In May 2011, Zephaniah accepted a year-long position as poet-in-residence at Keats House in Hampstead, London, his first residency role for more than ten years. In accepting the role, he commented: "I don't do residencies, but Keats is different. He's a one-off, and he has always been one of my favourite poets."[32][33] The same year, he was appointed professor of poetry and creative writing at Brunel University London.[2][34]
Zephaniah's frank autobiography, The Life and Rhymes of Benjamin Zephaniah, was published to coincide with his 60th birthday in 2018, when BBC Sounds broadcast him reading his own text. "I'm still as angry as I was in my twenties," he said.[36][37] The book was nominated as "autobiography of the year" at the National Book Awards.[4]
On the publication of his young adult novel Windrush Child in 2020, Zephaniah was outspoken about the importance of the way history is represented in the curriculum of schools.[39][40]
In December 2012, he was guest editor of an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme Today, for which he commissioned "good news bulletin".[45][46]
Between 2013 and 2022, Zephaniah played the role of preacher Jeremiah "Jimmy" Jesus in BBC television drama Peaky Blinders, appearing in 14 episodes across the six series.[47]
In 2020, he appeared as a panellist on the BBC television comedy quiz show QI, on the episode "Roaming".[48]
Music
In 1982, Zephaniah released the album Rasta, which featured the Wailers' first recording since the death of Bob Marley as well as a tribute to the political prisoner (later to become South African president) Nelson Mandela. The album gained Zephaniah international prestige[49] and topped the Yugoslavian pop charts.[10][49] It was because of this recording that he was introduced to Mandela, and in 1996, Mandela requested that Zephaniah host the president's Two Nations Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, London.[15][50]
Zephaniah released a total of seven albums of original music.[3][51]
Views
Animal rights and veganism
Zephaniah became a vegetarian at the age of 11,[52] and then became a vegan at the age of 13,[53][54] when he read poems about "shimmering fish floating in an underwater paradise, and birds flying free in the clear blue sky".
Zephaniah spoke extensively about his personal experiences of anti-Black racism in Britain and incorporated his experiences in much of his written work.[60]
In November 2003, Zephaniah was offered appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, as part of the 2004 New Year Honours, for which he said he had been recommended by Tony Blair. But he publicly rejected the honour[63][64] and in a subsequent article for The Guardian, elaborated on learning about being considered for the award and his reasons for rejecting it: "Me? I thought, OBE me? Up yours, I thought. I get angry when I hear that word 'empire'; it reminds me of slavery, it reminds of thousands of years of brutality, it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised... Benjamin Zephaniah OBE – no way Mr Blair, no way Mrs Queen. I am profoundly anti-empire."[65][66]
Other activism
Zephaniah spoke in favour of a British Republic and the dis-establishment of the Crown.[67] In 2015, he called for Welsh and Cornish to be taught in English schools, saying: "Hindi, Chinese and French are taught [in schools], so why not Welsh? And why not Cornish? They're part of our culture."[68]
Zephaniah supported Amnesty International in 2005, speaking out against homophobia in Jamaica, saying: "For many years Jamaica was associated with freedom fighters and liberators, so it hurts when I see that the home of my parents is now associated with the persecution of people because of their sexual orientation."[69]
In 2016, Zephaniah curated We Are All Human, an exhibition at the Southbank Centre presented by the Koestler Trust, which exhibited art works by prisoners, detainees and ex-offenders.[70]
In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, he signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election. The letter stated: "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few."[76][77]
In 2008, he was listed at 48 in The Times list of 50 greatest post-war writers.[83] A ward at Ealing Hospital was named in his honour.[78]
He was awarded Best Original Song in the Hancocks 2008, Talkawhile Awards for Folk Music (as voted by members of Talkawhile.co.uk[84]) for "Tam Lyn Retold", recorded with The Imagined Village project on their eponymous 2007 album. He collected the award at The Cambridge Folk Festival on 2 August 2008, describing himself as a "Rasta Folkie".[85]
Zephaniah was married for 12 years to Amina, a theatre administrator. His infertility – which he discussed openly[91] – meant that they could not have children and his criminal record prevented them from adopting.[3] They divorced in 2001.[92]
In 2017, Zephaniah married Qian Zheng, whom he had met on a visit to China three years earlier, and who survives him.[2]
In May 2018, in an interview of BBC Radio 5 Live, Zephaniah admitted that he had been violent to a former partner, confessing to having hit her. He said:
The way I treated some of my girlfriends was terrible. At one point I was violent. I was never like one of these persons who have a girlfriend, who'd constantly beat them, but I could lose my temper sometimes... There was one girlfriend that I had, and I actually hit her a couple of times, and as I got older I really regretted it. It burned my conscience so badly. It really ate at me, you know. And I'm a meditator. It got in the way of my meditation.[93]
His cousin, Michael Powell, died in police custody, at Thornhill Road police station in Birmingham, in September 2003 and Zephaniah regularly raised the matter,[65][94] continuously campaigning with his brother Tippa Naphtali, who set up a national memorial fund in Powell's name to help families affected by deaths in similar circumstances.[95]
Zephaniah's family were Christian but he became a Rastafarian at a young age.[96][97] He gave up smoking cannabis in his thirties.[98]
He was a supporter of Aston Villa F.C. – having been taken to matches as a boy, by an uncle[3][99] – and was the patron for an Aston Villa supporters' website,[100] as well as an ambassador for the club's charity, the Aston Villa Foundation.[101][102] The club paid tribute to Zephaniah on Saturday, 9 December 2023, in advance of their home match against Arsenal F.C., by playing on the big screens his ode to Villa, originally recorded in 2015.[103][104]
Death
Benjamin Zephaniah died on 7 December 2023, at the age of 65, after being diagnosed with a brain tumour eight weeks previously.[3][4][105][106] His friend of nearly twenty years, Joan Armatrading, gave a tribute to him on Newsnight on BBC Two after hearing the news of his death. Writing on Twitter, she said: "I am in shock. Benjamin Zephaniah has died age 65. What a thoughtful, kind and caring man he was. The world has lost a poet, an intellectual and a cultural revolutionary. I have lost a great friend."[107]
The BBC later re-broadcast Zephaniah's documentary A Picture of Birmingham, in which he revisited his birthplace and his former approved school.[44]Fiona Bruce, the presenter of BBC's Question Time, on which Zephaniah was a regular panellist, paid tribute to him, saying: "He was an all round, just tremendous bloke" for whom she had "huge affection and respect."[108]
According to Martin Glynn of Birmingham City University, Zephaniah was "never an establishment person", but "got into spaces" where he felt he could be heard. Glynn said: "He was the James Brown of dub poetry, the godfather... Linton Kwesi Johnson spoke to the political classes, but Benjamin was a humanist, he made poetry popular and loved music. He had his own studio.... He did what John Cooper Clarke did with poetry and that was bringing it into the mainstream."[109]
The Life And Rhymes of Benjamin Zephaniah (2018), Simon & Schuster[36]
Plays
Playing the Right Tune (1985)
Job Rocking (1987). Published in Black Plays: 2, ed. Yvonne Brewster, Methuen Drama, 1989.
Delirium (1987)
Streetwise (1990)
Mickey Tekka (1991)
Listen to Your Parents (included in Theatre Centre: Plays for Young People – Celebrating 50 Years of Theatre Centre, 2003, Aurora Metro; also published by Longman, 2007)
^Sissay, Lemn; Goddard, Lynette (1 October 2022). "Refugee Boy by Lemn Sissay". Drama & Theatre. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^Prenczina, Sabine (27 March 1991). "Farendj" (Drama). Tim Roth, Marie Matheron, Matthias Habich, Joe Sheridan. River Films, Sofica Lumière, Trimark Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^Balloo, Stephanie (11 July 2018). "Police paid £300,000 to the family of man who died in custody". Birmingham Live. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2023. Birmingham poet Benjamin Zephaniah, had said: "We have been asking questions for 10 years, protesting for 10 years, writing letters, and poems, and statements for 10 years, but most of all we have been collectively grieving for 10 years.
^Zephaniah, Benjamin (18 May 2009). "Villa fans, violence and me". The Observer. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.